نشریه علمی پژوهشی طب انتظامی Journal of Police Medicine
Volume 7, Issue 4 (2018)
J Police Med 2018, 7(4) |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Saberian M, Kashani G. Investigation of drugs in the negative urine samples in one of the drugs of abuse laboratories in Tehran. J Police Med 2018; 7 (4)
URL: http://jpmed.ir/article-1-700-en.html
URL: http://jpmed.ir/article-1-700-en.html
1- Applied Research Center, Behdad Deputy, Tehran, Iran , msbpharmd@yahoo.com
2- Applied Research Center, Behdad Deputy, Tehran, Iran
2- Applied Research Center, Behdad Deputy, Tehran, Iran
English Extended Abstract: (4581 Views)
Crisis of drugs of abuse is one of the main problems of all over the word in the field of health and so in Iran. Increasing of seized drugs as well as varied drugs and potentially abused substances need to be scheduled and developed in the methods of screening for drug abuser. Now, morphine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine are in drugs of abuse screening program in Iran. So, it seems that this program needs a complete revise in basic.
This study performed by 153 urinary samples, which were announced negative by routine procedure. The urines were investigated by Randox biochip technology based on antigen-antibody interaction.
Results show that 1, 2, 3, 12, 3, 3, 8, 6, and 9 urines were contaminated by barbiturates, methamphetamine, morphine, benzodiazepines, buprenorphine MDMA, methadone TCA, and cannabinoids respectively. No urine was investigated by cocaine and amphetamine contamination.
According to the results, the screening program of drugs of abuse in Iran needs a complete revise necessarily.
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Addiction & Substance Abuse
Received: 2018/03/12 | Accepted: 2018/08/27 | Published: 2018/10/7
Received: 2018/03/12 | Accepted: 2018/08/27 | Published: 2018/10/7
English Expanded Abstract [HTML 23 KB] (201 Download)
References
1. Marques PH, Jesus V, Olea SA, Vairinhos V, Jacinto C. The effect of alcohol and drug testing at the workplace on individual's occupational accident risk. Saf Sci. 2014;68:108-20. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ssci.2014.03.007]
2. Pidd K, Roche AM. How effective is drug testing as a workplace safety strategy? A systematic review of the evidence. Accid Anal Prev. 2014;71:154-65. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.aap.2014.05.012] [PMID]
3. Pidd K, Kostadinov V, Roche A. Do workplace policies work? An examination of the relationship between alcohol and other drug policies and workers' substance use. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;28:48-54. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.08.017] [PMID]
4. O'Farrell B. Lateral flow immunoassay systems: Evolution from the current state of the art to the next generation of highly sensitive, quantitative rapid assays [Chapter 2.4]. Wild D, editor. In: The immunoassay handbook. 4th Edition. Oxford: Elsevier Science; 2013. pp. 89-107. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-08-097037-0.00007-5]
5. Tiplady S. Lateral flow and consumer diagnostics [Chapter 7.3]. Wild D, editor. In: The immunoassay handbook. 4th Edition. Oxford: Elsevier Science; pp. 533-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-08-097037-0.00036-1]
6. Posthuma-Trumpie GA, Korf J, van Amerongen A. Lateral flow (immuno)assay: its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A literature survey. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009;393(2):569-82. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s00216-008-2287-2] [PMID]
7. Wong RC, Harley YT. Quantitative, false positive, and false negative issues for lateral flow immunoassays as exemplified by onsite drug screens. In: Lateral flow immunoassay. New York City: Springer; 2009. pp. 1-19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-240-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-240-3_10 [Link] [DOI:10.1007/978-1-59745-240-3_11]
8. Hajhashemi V, Minaiyan M, Saberian-Boroojeni M. In vitro and in vivo interaction of oral contraceptive high dose (HD) with urine morphine diagnostic test. Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;11(1):68-75. [Persian] [Link]
9. Khajeamiri AR, Saberian M. Identifying salt profiling of methamphetamine that were discovered in 2014 in Iran. Polic Med. 2016;4(4):269-78. [Persian] [Link]
10. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Analytes and their cutoffs [Internet]. Rockville, Maryland: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); 2018 [cited 2018 March]. Available from: https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/workplace/2010GuidelinesAnalytesCutoffs.pdf. [Link]
11. Melanson SE. The utility of immunoassays for urine drug testing. Clin Lab Med. 2012;32(3):429-47. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.cll.2012.06.004] [PMID]
12. Nelson ZJ, Stellpflug SJ, Engebretsen KM. What can a urine drug screening immunoassay really tell us?. J Pharm Pract. 2015;29(5):516-26. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/0897190015579611] [PMID]
13. Milone MC. Laboratory testing for prescription opioids. J Med Toxicol. 2012;8(4):408-16. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s13181-012-0274-7] [PMID] [PMCID]
14. Reisfield GM, Salazar E, Bertholf RL. Rational use and interpretation of urine drug testing in chronic opioid therapy. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2007;37(4): 301-14. [Link] [PMID]
15. Simpson D, Braithwaite RA, Jarvie DR, Stewart MJ, Walker S, Watson IW, et al. Screening for drugs of abuse (II): Cannabinoids, lysergic acid diethylamide, buprenorphine, methadone, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other drugs. Ann Clin Biochem. 1997: 34(Pt 5):460-510. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/000456329703400502] [PMID]
16. Alcocer M. List of contributors. In: The immunoassay handbook (Fourth Edition). Oxford: Elsevier Science; 2013. pp. xvii-xix. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-08-097037-0.01002-2]
17. Dunbar SA, Hoffmeyer MR. Microsphere-Based Multiplex Immunoassays: Development and Applications Using Luminex® xMAP® Technology [Chapter 2.9]. Wild D, editor. In: The immunoassay handbook. 4th Edition. Oxford: Elsevier Science; 2013. pp. 157-74. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-08-097037-0.00012-9]
18. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Drug testing [Internet]. Rockville, Maryland: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); 2018 [cited 2018 March]. Available from: https://www.samhsa.gov/workplace/drug-testing. [Link]
19. Wolff K, Garretty D, Hay AW. Micro-extraction of commonly abused benzodiazepines for urinary screening by liquid chromatography. Ann Clin Biochem. 1997;34 (Pt 1):61-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/000456329703400109] [PMID]
20. Linder MW, Keck PE Jr. Standards of laboratory practice: Antidepressant drug monitoring. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. Clin Chem. 1998;44(5):1073-84. [Link] [PMID]
21. Pankey S, Collins C, Jaklitsch A, Izutsu A, Hu M, Pirio M, et al. Quantitative homogeneous enzyme immunoassays for amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, and desipramine. Clin Chem. 1986;32(5):768-72. [Link] [PMID]
22. Power BM, Hackett LP, Dusci LJ, Ilett KF. Antidepressant toxicity and the need for identification and concentration monitoring in overdose. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995;29(3):154-71. [Link] [DOI:10.2165/00003088-199529030-00003] [PMID]
23. Scoggins BA, Maguire KP, Norman TR, Burrows GD. Measurement of tricyclic antidepressants. Part II. Applications of methodology. Clin Chem. 1980;26(7):805-15. [Link] [PMID]
24. Walberg CB, Gupta RC. Quantitation of phencyclidine in urine by enzyme immunoassay. J Analy Toxicol. 1982;6(2): 97-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/jat/6.2.97]
25. Cirimele V, Kintz P, Lohner S, Ludes B. Enzyme immunoassay validation for the detection of buprenorphine in urine. J Analy Toxicol. 2003;27(2): 103-5. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/jat/27.2.103]
26. Miller EI, Torrance HJ, Oliver JS. Validation of the Immunalysis microplate ELISA for the detection of buprenorphine and its metabolite norbuprenorphine in urine. J Analy Toxicol. 2006;30(2):115-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/jat/30.2.115]
27. Drug Enforcment Administration. US Drug Enforcment Administration MDMA (Ecstasy) information [Internet]. US: Drug Enforcment Administration; 2017. Available from: http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/mdma.html.
28. Kunsman GW, Levine B, Kuhlman JJ, Jones RL, Hughes RO, Fujiyama CI, et al. MDA-MDMA concentrations in urine specimens. J Anal Toxicol. 1996;20(7):517-21. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/jat/20.7.517]
29. Doblin R. A clinical plan for MDMA (Ecstasy) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): partnering with the FDA. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2002;34(2):185-94. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/02791072.2002.10399952] [PMID]
30. Zamani S, Farnia M, Tavakoli S, Gholizadeh M, Nazari M, Seddighi AA, et al. A qualitative inquiry into methadone maintenance treatment for opioid-dependent prisoners in Tehran, Iran. Int J Drug Policy. 2010;21(3):167-72. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.03.001] [PMID]
31. Gerevich J. Drug and alcohol abuse: A clinical guide to diagnosis and treatment. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61(2):173-4. [Link] [DOI:10.1136/jech.2006.047704] [PMCID]
32. Pohland A, Boaz HE, Sullivan HR. Synthesis and identification of metabolites resulting from the biotransformation of DL-methadone in man and in the rat. J Med Chem. 1971;14(3):194-7. [Link] [DOI:10.1021/jm00285a004]
33. Archer RA, Blanchard WB, Day WA, Johnson DW, Lavagnino ER, Ryan CW, et al. Cannabinoids. 3. Synthetic approaches to 9-ketocannabinoids; Total synthesis of nabilone. J Org Chem. 1977;42(13):2277-84. [Link] [DOI:10.1021/jo00433a020]
34. Substance-Abuse Testing Committee. Critical issues in urinalysis of abused substances: report of the Substance-Abuse Testing Committee. Clin Chem. 1988;34(3):605-32. [Link] [PMID]
35. Walsh JM, Flegel R, Crouch DJ, Cangianelli L, Baudys J. An evaluation of rapid point-of-collection oral fluid drug-testing devices. J Anal Toxicol. 2003;27(7):429-39. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/jat/27.7.429]
36. Huestis MA1, Mitchell JM, Cone EJ. Detection times of marijuana metabolites in urine by immunoassay and GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol. 1995;19(6):443-9. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/jat/19.6.443]
37. Eskridge KD, Guthrie SK. Clinical issues associated with urine testing of substances of abuse. Pharmacotherapy. 1997;17(3):497-510. [Link] [PMID]
38. Wu AH, Onigbinde TA, Johnson KG, Wimbish GH. Alcohol-specific cocaine metabolites in serum and urine of hospitalized patients. J Anal Toxicol. 1992;16(2):132-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/jat/16.2.132]
39. Zhang JY, Foltz RL Cocaine metabolism in man: identification of four previously unreported cocaine metabolites in human urine. J Anal Toxicol. 1990;14(4):201-5. [Link] [DOI:10.1093/jat/14.4.201] [PMID]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |