نشریه علمی پژوهشی طب انتظامی Journal of Police Medicine
Volume 12, Issue 1 (2023)
J Police Med 2023, 12(1) |
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Ethics code: IR.IAU.K.REC.1399.054
Clinical trials code: IRCTID: IRCT20200919048759N1
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hadadgar S, peymani J, Hasani Abharian P, Mashayekh M, Peivandi P, Fekr Azad R. Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Phototherapy on the Risk-Taking of Clients of Drug Addiction Clinics. J Police Med 2023; 12 (1) : e13
URL: http://jpmed.ir/article-1-1180-en.html
URL: http://jpmed.ir/article-1-1180-en.html
Sayena Hadadgar1 
, Javid Peymani * 2, Peyman Hasani Abharian3 , Maryam Mashayekh1 , Parisa Peivandi1 , Reza Fekr Azad4
, Javid Peymani * 2, Peyman Hasani Abharian3 , Maryam Mashayekh1 , Parisa Peivandi1 , Reza Fekr Azad4
1- Department of Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
2- Department of Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran , dr.peymani@yahoo.com
3- Department of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Research Institute of Cognitive Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4- Department of Dentistry, Dental College, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran , dr.peymani@yahoo.com
3- Department of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Research Institute of Cognitive Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4- Department of Dentistry, Dental College, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
English Extended Abstract: (1059 Views)
Aims: Risk-taking is a behavior that endangers a person's health and provides the basis for a person to suffer from physical and psychological diseases. Substance dependence disorder includes cognitive, behavioral, and psychological symptoms along with a pattern of repetition and withdrawal tolerance consequences. The aim of the current research was the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation and phototherapy on the risk-taking of people with substance dependence disorder.
Materials and Methods: The research method is based on the practical purpose and from the point of view of data collection, it is a part of quantitative and semi-experimental research, with a pre-test, and post-test design with a control group with a 2-month follow-up. In this research, the statistical population was all clients of Nik, Golrizan and Hami drug abuse treatment clinics in Tehran in 2020. First, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task [23] was performed on the clients who volunteered to participate in the sessions. Then, using available sampling method, among these people, those who scored higher than the others, 63 people were selected as available and randomly assigned in groups (21 people in the cognitive rehabilitation group, 21 people in the phototherapy group and 21 people in the control group). Informed consent to participate in the research, not having specific physical and psychological diseases, at least high school education and an age range of 18 to 50 years were the criteria for entering the research. Absence of more than 2 sessions in therapy sessions, simultaneous participation in other courses and therapeutic interventions at the same time as the research, failure to answer the post-test questions and failure to participate in the follow-up level were the criteria for exiting the research.
The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART): This test was first introduced in 2002 by Lejuez [23]. A higher score in this variable indicates a riskier decision [24]. This computer test examines the possibility of checking a person's level of risk-taking in real conditions and measures the performance or bias of the risk-taking strategy [25]. Because there are 30 computerized balloons in this test, it does not have a range of responses and the adjusted score in the main score of the test and the respondent's riskiness index [26]. In the original version, the convergent validity of the survey test and its Pearson correlation with the survey impulsivity test and the coefficient of 0.43 and significance at the 0.01 level has been obtained [27]. In Iran, this test has been standardized on young Iranians, and to examine its concurrent validity, the high-risk decision-making test in social situations [23] with the subscales of health riskiness, novelty, ambiguity, and economic riskiness and depression, anxiety, and stress scale with three subscales of depression, anxiety and stress have been used as a general construct [25]. The correlation coefficient with risk-taking in social situations was 0.45 and significant at the 0.05 level, and the correlation coefficient with the anxiety/depression/stress test was 0.81 and significant at the 0.05 level and also Cronbach's alpha was used to check its reliability and the coefficient was 0.79 [24]. In the present study, the reliability of the test was calculated and the total coefficient of the questions was calculated as 0.73 using Cronbach's alpha method. In this test, the indicators of the adjusted score, which is equivalent to the average number of times the balloons inflated that did not burst, the unadjusted score, which is equivalent to the average number of times the balloons are inflated, the number of times the balloons burst and the maximum and a minimum number of times a balloon is inflated are measured [23].
In the cognitive rehabilitation part, which was adapted from previous studies [14, 19], 12 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation were used using Stop Signal Software (Sina Psychology Software Company), and two symbols of a circle and a square were used in each test. The size of the visual stimuli was equal to 1.5 cm2, which remained on the screen for 1.250 milliseconds. Respondents should respond to the stimuli as quickly as possible with the left and right clicks of the computer mouse. In a way that they responded to the circle stimulus by right-clicking and to the square stimulus by left-clicking. In 20% of the tests, an audio stimulus (750 Hz-75 ms) was presented shortly after the visual stimulus, and when hearing it, the respondent had to stop responding immediately (stop signal). Also, the phototherapy sessions were adapted from previous studies [28], where 12 sessions of low-power laser treatment were used using a German RJ device, and the subjects were exposed to infrared light (IR) radiation and directly exposed to the skull. Infrared light with a maximum wavelength of 810 nm and 32 J/cm2 was irradiated on the entire frontal and prefrontal with a distance of one centimeter. During this period, 12 sessions were conducted (2 times a week).
Ethical Permissions: This article was taken from the PhD thesis titled "The combined effect of cognitive rehabilitation and phototherapy on drug craving and cognitive performance of clients of drug addiction clinics" with the ethical code of IR.IAU.K.REC.1399.054, and all the ethical principles of the research were observed.
Statistical Analysis: After checking the defaults of parametric tests, a mixed analysis of variance was used. Also, Bonferroni's post hoc test and SPSS 24 software were used to compare treatment interventions.
Findings: The average age of the cognitive rehabilitation group was 34.19±8.27, the phototherapy group was 32.76±7.68, and the control group was 33.33±7.73. The F statistic obtained from the comparison of the frequencies of the 3 groups in the age variable was equal to 0.174, which was not statistically significant (p=0.841) and indicated that the groups were equal in terms of age. Also, the amount of Chi-Square analysis results from the comparison of 3 groups in the education variable was equal to Chi-Square= 2.313, which this amount was not statistically significant (p=0.678) and indicated that the three groups were equal in terms of education.
The average risk of the rehabilitation group and the phototherapy group decreased in the post-test compared to the pre-test (Table 1). Considering that the purpose of this article was to investigate the number of balloons bursting before and after the therapeutic intervention and to compare the experimental and control groups; therefore, the examination of the subscales of Barrett's test was omitted and only the criterion of the total number of burst balloons was calculated. To check the significance of the changes obtained in the post-test and follow-up, mixed variance analysis was used and the results of which are included in Tables 2, 3 and 4.
The results of mixed analysis of variance showed that cognitive rehabilitation and phototherapy had a significant effect on reducing risk (Table 2). A two-by-two comparison of the mean adjustment of test levels (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) on risk-taking showed that the difference between the mean of post-test and follow-up (intervention stability effect) was not significant, so cognitive rehabilitation and phototherapy did not have a lasting effect over time (Table 3).
The results of Bonferroni's post hoc risk test to identify more effective treatment showed that the average difference between the phototherapy group and the control group was greater than the average difference between cognitive rehabilitation and the control group, and phototherapy was more effective than cognitive rehabilitation in reducing risk. The difference between the mean risk factors of the cognitive rehabilitation group and the control group was 2.111, which was statistically significant (p=0.001), the mean difference between the risk variable in the phototherapy group and the control group was 2.857, and this difference was also statistically significant (p=0.001). The results showed that this average difference between the phototherapy and control groups was greater than the average difference between the cognitive rehabilitation group and the control group.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this article, the use of low-power laser plays a significant role in helping to improve the harmful effects of addiction and reducing cravings and in a short time, it produces significant results in improving the brain function of people involved in addiction, and it can be used along with drug therapy and psychotherapy.
Clinical & Practical Tips in POLICE MEDICINE: Due to the very low side effects of phototherapy and the possibility of its implementation in different conditions, this method can be used as a new method in controlling the high-risk conditions of the military forces. The findings of the present study can be used to formulate new treatment programs and interventions in addiction treatment and counselling centers.
Acknowledgements: The researchers sincerely appreciate all the people who helped us in this research and were involved in coordinating and conducting the research.
Conflict of Interest: The authors stated that there is no conflict of interest in the present study.
Authors' Contribution: First author, presentation of the idea and design of the study; second author, data analysis; third author, data analysis; fourth author, statistical analysis of data; fifth author, data collection; sixth author, data analysis; all the authors participated in the initial writing of the article and its revision, and all accept the responsibility for the accuracy and correctness of the contents of this article with the final approval of this article.
Financial Sources: This project was done with the financial support of Karaj Islamic Azad University.
Table 2) The results of intra-subject and
inter-subject mixed variance of risk taking
Table 3) The results of Bonferroni's post hoc
risk test to check the validity of the results
Materials and Methods: The research method is based on the practical purpose and from the point of view of data collection, it is a part of quantitative and semi-experimental research, with a pre-test, and post-test design with a control group with a 2-month follow-up. In this research, the statistical population was all clients of Nik, Golrizan and Hami drug abuse treatment clinics in Tehran in 2020. First, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task [23] was performed on the clients who volunteered to participate in the sessions. Then, using available sampling method, among these people, those who scored higher than the others, 63 people were selected as available and randomly assigned in groups (21 people in the cognitive rehabilitation group, 21 people in the phototherapy group and 21 people in the control group). Informed consent to participate in the research, not having specific physical and psychological diseases, at least high school education and an age range of 18 to 50 years were the criteria for entering the research. Absence of more than 2 sessions in therapy sessions, simultaneous participation in other courses and therapeutic interventions at the same time as the research, failure to answer the post-test questions and failure to participate in the follow-up level were the criteria for exiting the research.
The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART): This test was first introduced in 2002 by Lejuez [23]. A higher score in this variable indicates a riskier decision [24]. This computer test examines the possibility of checking a person's level of risk-taking in real conditions and measures the performance or bias of the risk-taking strategy [25]. Because there are 30 computerized balloons in this test, it does not have a range of responses and the adjusted score in the main score of the test and the respondent's riskiness index [26]. In the original version, the convergent validity of the survey test and its Pearson correlation with the survey impulsivity test and the coefficient of 0.43 and significance at the 0.01 level has been obtained [27]. In Iran, this test has been standardized on young Iranians, and to examine its concurrent validity, the high-risk decision-making test in social situations [23] with the subscales of health riskiness, novelty, ambiguity, and economic riskiness and depression, anxiety, and stress scale with three subscales of depression, anxiety and stress have been used as a general construct [25]. The correlation coefficient with risk-taking in social situations was 0.45 and significant at the 0.05 level, and the correlation coefficient with the anxiety/depression/stress test was 0.81 and significant at the 0.05 level and also Cronbach's alpha was used to check its reliability and the coefficient was 0.79 [24]. In the present study, the reliability of the test was calculated and the total coefficient of the questions was calculated as 0.73 using Cronbach's alpha method. In this test, the indicators of the adjusted score, which is equivalent to the average number of times the balloons inflated that did not burst, the unadjusted score, which is equivalent to the average number of times the balloons are inflated, the number of times the balloons burst and the maximum and a minimum number of times a balloon is inflated are measured [23].
In the cognitive rehabilitation part, which was adapted from previous studies [14, 19], 12 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation were used using Stop Signal Software (Sina Psychology Software Company), and two symbols of a circle and a square were used in each test. The size of the visual stimuli was equal to 1.5 cm2, which remained on the screen for 1.250 milliseconds. Respondents should respond to the stimuli as quickly as possible with the left and right clicks of the computer mouse. In a way that they responded to the circle stimulus by right-clicking and to the square stimulus by left-clicking. In 20% of the tests, an audio stimulus (750 Hz-75 ms) was presented shortly after the visual stimulus, and when hearing it, the respondent had to stop responding immediately (stop signal). Also, the phototherapy sessions were adapted from previous studies [28], where 12 sessions of low-power laser treatment were used using a German RJ device, and the subjects were exposed to infrared light (IR) radiation and directly exposed to the skull. Infrared light with a maximum wavelength of 810 nm and 32 J/cm2 was irradiated on the entire frontal and prefrontal with a distance of one centimeter. During this period, 12 sessions were conducted (2 times a week).
Ethical Permissions: This article was taken from the PhD thesis titled "The combined effect of cognitive rehabilitation and phototherapy on drug craving and cognitive performance of clients of drug addiction clinics" with the ethical code of IR.IAU.K.REC.1399.054, and all the ethical principles of the research were observed.
Statistical Analysis: After checking the defaults of parametric tests, a mixed analysis of variance was used. Also, Bonferroni's post hoc test and SPSS 24 software were used to compare treatment interventions.
Findings: The average age of the cognitive rehabilitation group was 34.19±8.27, the phototherapy group was 32.76±7.68, and the control group was 33.33±7.73. The F statistic obtained from the comparison of the frequencies of the 3 groups in the age variable was equal to 0.174, which was not statistically significant (p=0.841) and indicated that the groups were equal in terms of age. Also, the amount of Chi-Square analysis results from the comparison of 3 groups in the education variable was equal to Chi-Square= 2.313, which this amount was not statistically significant (p=0.678) and indicated that the three groups were equal in terms of education.
The average risk of the rehabilitation group and the phototherapy group decreased in the post-test compared to the pre-test (Table 1). Considering that the purpose of this article was to investigate the number of balloons bursting before and after the therapeutic intervention and to compare the experimental and control groups; therefore, the examination of the subscales of Barrett's test was omitted and only the criterion of the total number of burst balloons was calculated. To check the significance of the changes obtained in the post-test and follow-up, mixed variance analysis was used and the results of which are included in Tables 2, 3 and 4.
The results of mixed analysis of variance showed that cognitive rehabilitation and phototherapy had a significant effect on reducing risk (Table 2). A two-by-two comparison of the mean adjustment of test levels (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) on risk-taking showed that the difference between the mean of post-test and follow-up (intervention stability effect) was not significant, so cognitive rehabilitation and phototherapy did not have a lasting effect over time (Table 3).
The results of Bonferroni's post hoc risk test to identify more effective treatment showed that the average difference between the phototherapy group and the control group was greater than the average difference between cognitive rehabilitation and the control group, and phototherapy was more effective than cognitive rehabilitation in reducing risk. The difference between the mean risk factors of the cognitive rehabilitation group and the control group was 2.111, which was statistically significant (p=0.001), the mean difference between the risk variable in the phototherapy group and the control group was 2.857, and this difference was also statistically significant (p=0.001). The results showed that this average difference between the phototherapy and control groups was greater than the average difference between the cognitive rehabilitation group and the control group.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this article, the use of low-power laser plays a significant role in helping to improve the harmful effects of addiction and reducing cravings and in a short time, it produces significant results in improving the brain function of people involved in addiction, and it can be used along with drug therapy and psychotherapy.
Clinical & Practical Tips in POLICE MEDICINE: Due to the very low side effects of phototherapy and the possibility of its implementation in different conditions, this method can be used as a new method in controlling the high-risk conditions of the military forces. The findings of the present study can be used to formulate new treatment programs and interventions in addiction treatment and counselling centers.
Acknowledgements: The researchers sincerely appreciate all the people who helped us in this research and were involved in coordinating and conducting the research.
Conflict of Interest: The authors stated that there is no conflict of interest in the present study.
Authors' Contribution: First author, presentation of the idea and design of the study; second author, data analysis; third author, data analysis; fourth author, statistical analysis of data; fifth author, data collection; sixth author, data analysis; all the authors participated in the initial writing of the article and its revision, and all accept the responsibility for the accuracy and correctness of the contents of this article with the final approval of this article.
Financial Sources: This project was done with the financial support of Karaj Islamic Azad University.
Table 1) Average vulnerability in experimental and control groups
| Dependent variable | the level | M±SD | ||
| rehabilitation | Phototherapy | Control | ||
| Risk taking | pre-test | 30.86±0.854 | 30.90±0.944 | 30.95±0.92 |
| post-test | 27.71±0.956 | 26.57±0.746 | 30.86±0.96 | |
| Follow up | 27.81±0.981 | 26.67±0.913 | 30.90±0.94 | |
Table 2) The results of intra-subject and
inter-subject mixed variance of risk taking
| Dependent variable | Sources Change | F statistic | p | Impact factor | Statistical power |
| Risk taking | Time | 350.157 | 0.001 | 0.854 | 0.999 |
| group | 77.871 | 0.001 | 0.7220 | 0.999 | |
| time×group | 89.221 | 0.001 | 0.748 | 0.999 |
Table 3) The results of Bonferroni's post hoc
risk test to check the validity of the results
| Dependent variable | Level | Adjusted mean | Differences in steps | mean difference | p |
| Risk taking | pre-test | 30.905 | pre-test post-test | 2.521 | 0.001 |
| post-test | 28.381 | pre-test Follow up |
2.444 | 0.001 | |
| Follow up | 28.460 | post-test Follow up |
-0.079 | 0.078 |
Article number: e13
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Addiction & Substance Abuse
Received: 2023/02/6 | Accepted: 2023/05/2 | Published: 2023/06/18
Received: 2023/02/6 | Accepted: 2023/05/2 | Published: 2023/06/18
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