نشریه علمی پژوهشی طب انتظامی Journal of Police Medicine
Volume 11, Issue 1 (2022)
J Police Med 2022, 11(1) |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Tamadoni N, Asgharnejad Farid A A, Asadzadeh H. The Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the Security and Mental health of Veterans' Wives. J Police Med 2022; 11 (1) : e22
URL: http://jpmed.ir/article-1-1066-en.html
URL: http://jpmed.ir/article-1-1066-en.html
The Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the Security and Mental health of Veterans' Wives
1- Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , rahnmo.70sh@gmail.com
3- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , rahnmo.70sh@gmail.com
3- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
English Extended Abstract: (1398 Views)
INTRODUCTION
... [1]. It is the responsibility of the wives to cope with the physical and mental problems of the veteran, especially when the injury is high or the veteran is suffering from post-trauma stress disorder [2]. Therefore, the wives of veterans in terms of mental health can be considered an at-risk group in society [3]. ... [4-7]. The challenges of this group, especially psychosocial security as a component affecting the lives of these people, are problematic and one of the issues to be considered important [8]. ... [9, 10]. Based on the growing trend of various psychological and social disorders among women, the role of preventive and therapeutic psychological interventions is of particular importance. One of the approaches that has been noticed by psychologists in recent years is acceptance and commitment therapy [11]. Du et al. have shown that acceptance and commitment therapy in women reduces their negative feelings and, consequently, improves their level of psychosocial and emotional adjustment and security [13]. The results of Mahmoudi et al.'s study indicate a steady upward trend in the scores of the Hope and Belief in a Fair World Scale for patients with breast cancer, which indicates the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in increasing these variables [14]. Howells, Ivtzan, and Eiroa-Orosa have also reported in a study that acceptance and commitment therapy affects women's social desirability and improves their positive aspects of health [15]. Aslani and Azadeh have concluded in another study that acceptance and commitment therapy has an effect on social well-being and security and improves psychological security and well-being in women [16]. Shojaeian also reported in a study that commitment and acceptance therapy is effective on women's life expectancy and mental health. In fact, by using acceptance and commitment therapy the level of life expectancy and mental health of women improves [17, 18].
AIM(S)
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the psychosocial security and mental health of veterans' wives.
RESEARCH TYPE
The present study is a quasi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group.
RESEARCH SOCIETY, PLACE &TIME
The statistical population of this study was the wives of veterans admitted to Niayesh Hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2021 from which 30 women were selected by available sampling and were examined.
SAMPLING METHOD & NUMBER
The researcher called 64 people from the available samples by telephone and finally, 30 people were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (15 people) and control (15 people). Inclusion criteria included: physical and mental health of individuals and exclusion criteria, a complete dissatisfaction with participation in sessions, and absence of more than two training sessions.
USED DEVICES & MATERIALS
Mental health questionnaire (reliability 0.91) [19, 20] and psychosocial security questionnaire (reliability 0.89) [21] were used to collect data. In the mental health questionnaire, if a person gets a score of 6 and a total score of 22 or higher in each subscale, it indicates symptoms and a lower score indicates higher mental health [19].
METHODS
After the training package of acceptance and commitment therapy was developed based on the experts’ opinions, its validation was performed and it was intensively implemented in a pilot group of five volunteers. After selecting the final groups of the study, the participants of the two groups participated in a briefing session. Then the pre-test was held for both experimental and control groups on the same day and they filled the questionnaires. Then, the training package for the experimental group for 8 sessions per week was implemented by the first author of the article, who was responsible for performing psychological therapies in Niayesh Hospital (Table 1). During the training period, the participants in the control group did not receive any training. After completing the training course and after two months, a follow-up was performed.
ETHICAL PERMISSION
The ethical permissions of the present study were fully observed; participants could leave the research at any time and all their confidential information was stored in the questionnaire without exploitation.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
In the inferential statistics section, the analysis of covariance using SPSS 25 software was used to analyze the research data.
FINDING BY TEXT
Demographic data of the statistical sample showed that the age range of veterans' wives was between 23 to 54 years and their mean age was 48.5±4.61 years. The level of education of 50% of the samples was under high school diploma, 20% high school diploma, 25% an associate degree, and 5% higher than a bachelor. The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data were normal. In the pre-test stage, the mean scores of mental health and psychosocial security in the control and experimental groups were almost equal, but the results in the post-test showed that the mean scores of psychosocial security in the experimental group were higher than the control group (Table 2). Based on the Leven test and lack of significance for mental health and security variables, the condition of equality of intergroup variances was observed and the groups were homogeneous (Table 3). The value of F of the interaction of independent and covariant variables in the psychosocial security variable was also 3.04, which was not significant and it can be said that the correlation between covariant and independent variables was observed (Table 4). Therefore, an analysis of covariance was used. According to the obtained figures, after adjusting the pre-test scores, there was a significant effect on the factor between the subjects (F=6.42; p=0.01) and the mean scores of the experimental group increased significantly (Table 5). Also, the value of F was the interaction of independent and covariant in the mental health variable 2.76, which was not significant and it can be said that the correlation between variable and independent was observed (Table 6). According to the results obtained after adjusting the pre-test scores, there was a significant effect on the factor between the subjects (F=4.75; p=0.03) and the mean scores of the experimental group decreased significantly (Table 7).
MAIN COMPARISION TO THE SIMILAR STUDIES
The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy had an effect on the psychological security of veterans' wives and increased women's psychosocial security. This finding is consistent with the results of Junkin as well as Mohammadi, Borjali, and Sohrabi studies [11, 12]. In explaining the obtained results, it can be said that acceptance and commitment therapy allows people to change their relationships with internal experiences, reduce empirical avoidance and increase acceptance flexibility and increase action in valuable ways in the first stage. Emphasis is also placed on strengthening a non-judgmental and enthusiastic relationship with experiences. Lack of judgment and flexibility can help increase psychological security. ... [22]. Howells, Ivtzan, and Eiroa-Orosa have also reported in a study entitled "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Happiness in Women" that acceptance and commitment therapy has an effect on women's happiness and social well-being and improves their positive health aspects [15]. By explaining the findings, it can be said that in acceptance and commitment therapy, the main emphasis is on accepting reality, accepting responsibility and the present. Therefore, the counselor helps the clients to evaluate their behavior and see if this behavior is practical and useful for them or not, and to set a realistic plan for better behaviors. Therefore, to achieve their goals, they must be committed to that plan. In other words, the goal of acceptance and commitment therapy is to reduce empirical avoidance and increase psychological flexibility by accepting unavoidable and distressing unpleasant feelings such as anxiety, cultivating mindfulness, and defining personal values related to behavioral goals. ... [23]. Also, the results of the research of Hartley and Shojaeian [6, 17] are consistent with the present study. ... [24].
SUGGESTIONS
It is suggested that responsible institutions provide conditions for free psychological interventions, including acceptance and commitment therapy, along with appropriate economic, educational, and cultural support, for these families so that women have a positive evaluation of their social status. It is suggested to the practitioners that in real treatment sessions, regardless of the theoretical perspective or the style of counseling and treatment adopted, a plan to increase acceptance as well as a life based on the value of clients be considered to optimize the treatment of this disorder.
LIMITATIONS
The generalization of results requires caution due to cultural, ethnic, and social differences. Another limitation of the present study was the use of self-report scales. Coincidence of conducting research with the corona virus (Covid-19) epidemic was another limitation that made it difficult to collect data.
CONCLUSIONS
Psychological security and mental health are among the variables related to the health of veterans' wives and they can predict it.
CLINICAL & PRACTICAL TIPS IN POLICE MEDICINE
According to the results of the present study on the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapies in increasing psychological security and mental health, such interventions can be used in counseling and treatment centers of police headquarters. It is also possible to hold similar classes for wives and their family members in these centers to increase their awareness and skills, using the results of studies conducted.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This article is taken from a research paper. We would like to thank all the participants in the research and all who helped us in this research.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors hereby declare that there is no conflict of interest in the present study.
FUNDING SOURCES
The present study had no financial support.
TABLES & CHARTS
Table 2) Mean and standard deviation of research variables in
pre-test and post-test of experimental and control groups
Table 3) Levin test to examine the homogeneity of variances
Table 4) Results of the test report of regression slope assumptions
Table 5) Results of analysis of covariance on pre-test-post-test scores of psycho-social security
Table 6) Results of the test report of regression slope hypotheses
Table 7) Results of analysis of covariance on
pre-test-post-test scores of mental health variables
... [1]. It is the responsibility of the wives to cope with the physical and mental problems of the veteran, especially when the injury is high or the veteran is suffering from post-trauma stress disorder [2]. Therefore, the wives of veterans in terms of mental health can be considered an at-risk group in society [3]. ... [4-7]. The challenges of this group, especially psychosocial security as a component affecting the lives of these people, are problematic and one of the issues to be considered important [8]. ... [9, 10]. Based on the growing trend of various psychological and social disorders among women, the role of preventive and therapeutic psychological interventions is of particular importance. One of the approaches that has been noticed by psychologists in recent years is acceptance and commitment therapy [11]. Du et al. have shown that acceptance and commitment therapy in women reduces their negative feelings and, consequently, improves their level of psychosocial and emotional adjustment and security [13]. The results of Mahmoudi et al.'s study indicate a steady upward trend in the scores of the Hope and Belief in a Fair World Scale for patients with breast cancer, which indicates the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in increasing these variables [14]. Howells, Ivtzan, and Eiroa-Orosa have also reported in a study that acceptance and commitment therapy affects women's social desirability and improves their positive aspects of health [15]. Aslani and Azadeh have concluded in another study that acceptance and commitment therapy has an effect on social well-being and security and improves psychological security and well-being in women [16]. Shojaeian also reported in a study that commitment and acceptance therapy is effective on women's life expectancy and mental health. In fact, by using acceptance and commitment therapy the level of life expectancy and mental health of women improves [17, 18].
AIM(S)
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the psychosocial security and mental health of veterans' wives.
RESEARCH TYPE
The present study is a quasi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group.
RESEARCH SOCIETY, PLACE &TIME
The statistical population of this study was the wives of veterans admitted to Niayesh Hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2021 from which 30 women were selected by available sampling and were examined.
SAMPLING METHOD & NUMBER
The researcher called 64 people from the available samples by telephone and finally, 30 people were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (15 people) and control (15 people). Inclusion criteria included: physical and mental health of individuals and exclusion criteria, a complete dissatisfaction with participation in sessions, and absence of more than two training sessions.
USED DEVICES & MATERIALS
Mental health questionnaire (reliability 0.91) [19, 20] and psychosocial security questionnaire (reliability 0.89) [21] were used to collect data. In the mental health questionnaire, if a person gets a score of 6 and a total score of 22 or higher in each subscale, it indicates symptoms and a lower score indicates higher mental health [19].
METHODS
After the training package of acceptance and commitment therapy was developed based on the experts’ opinions, its validation was performed and it was intensively implemented in a pilot group of five volunteers. After selecting the final groups of the study, the participants of the two groups participated in a briefing session. Then the pre-test was held for both experimental and control groups on the same day and they filled the questionnaires. Then, the training package for the experimental group for 8 sessions per week was implemented by the first author of the article, who was responsible for performing psychological therapies in Niayesh Hospital (Table 1). During the training period, the participants in the control group did not receive any training. After completing the training course and after two months, a follow-up was performed.
ETHICAL PERMISSION
The ethical permissions of the present study were fully observed; participants could leave the research at any time and all their confidential information was stored in the questionnaire without exploitation.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
In the inferential statistics section, the analysis of covariance using SPSS 25 software was used to analyze the research data.
FINDING BY TEXT
Demographic data of the statistical sample showed that the age range of veterans' wives was between 23 to 54 years and their mean age was 48.5±4.61 years. The level of education of 50% of the samples was under high school diploma, 20% high school diploma, 25% an associate degree, and 5% higher than a bachelor. The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data were normal. In the pre-test stage, the mean scores of mental health and psychosocial security in the control and experimental groups were almost equal, but the results in the post-test showed that the mean scores of psychosocial security in the experimental group were higher than the control group (Table 2). Based on the Leven test and lack of significance for mental health and security variables, the condition of equality of intergroup variances was observed and the groups were homogeneous (Table 3). The value of F of the interaction of independent and covariant variables in the psychosocial security variable was also 3.04, which was not significant and it can be said that the correlation between covariant and independent variables was observed (Table 4). Therefore, an analysis of covariance was used. According to the obtained figures, after adjusting the pre-test scores, there was a significant effect on the factor between the subjects (F=6.42; p=0.01) and the mean scores of the experimental group increased significantly (Table 5). Also, the value of F was the interaction of independent and covariant in the mental health variable 2.76, which was not significant and it can be said that the correlation between variable and independent was observed (Table 6). According to the results obtained after adjusting the pre-test scores, there was a significant effect on the factor between the subjects (F=4.75; p=0.03) and the mean scores of the experimental group decreased significantly (Table 7).
MAIN COMPARISION TO THE SIMILAR STUDIES
The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy had an effect on the psychological security of veterans' wives and increased women's psychosocial security. This finding is consistent with the results of Junkin as well as Mohammadi, Borjali, and Sohrabi studies [11, 12]. In explaining the obtained results, it can be said that acceptance and commitment therapy allows people to change their relationships with internal experiences, reduce empirical avoidance and increase acceptance flexibility and increase action in valuable ways in the first stage. Emphasis is also placed on strengthening a non-judgmental and enthusiastic relationship with experiences. Lack of judgment and flexibility can help increase psychological security. ... [22]. Howells, Ivtzan, and Eiroa-Orosa have also reported in a study entitled "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Happiness in Women" that acceptance and commitment therapy has an effect on women's happiness and social well-being and improves their positive health aspects [15]. By explaining the findings, it can be said that in acceptance and commitment therapy, the main emphasis is on accepting reality, accepting responsibility and the present. Therefore, the counselor helps the clients to evaluate their behavior and see if this behavior is practical and useful for them or not, and to set a realistic plan for better behaviors. Therefore, to achieve their goals, they must be committed to that plan. In other words, the goal of acceptance and commitment therapy is to reduce empirical avoidance and increase psychological flexibility by accepting unavoidable and distressing unpleasant feelings such as anxiety, cultivating mindfulness, and defining personal values related to behavioral goals. ... [23]. Also, the results of the research of Hartley and Shojaeian [6, 17] are consistent with the present study. ... [24].
SUGGESTIONS
It is suggested that responsible institutions provide conditions for free psychological interventions, including acceptance and commitment therapy, along with appropriate economic, educational, and cultural support, for these families so that women have a positive evaluation of their social status. It is suggested to the practitioners that in real treatment sessions, regardless of the theoretical perspective or the style of counseling and treatment adopted, a plan to increase acceptance as well as a life based on the value of clients be considered to optimize the treatment of this disorder.
LIMITATIONS
The generalization of results requires caution due to cultural, ethnic, and social differences. Another limitation of the present study was the use of self-report scales. Coincidence of conducting research with the corona virus (Covid-19) epidemic was another limitation that made it difficult to collect data.
CONCLUSIONS
Psychological security and mental health are among the variables related to the health of veterans' wives and they can predict it.
CLINICAL & PRACTICAL TIPS IN POLICE MEDICINE
According to the results of the present study on the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapies in increasing psychological security and mental health, such interventions can be used in counseling and treatment centers of police headquarters. It is also possible to hold similar classes for wives and their family members in these centers to increase their awareness and skills, using the results of studies conducted.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This article is taken from a research paper. We would like to thank all the participants in the research and all who helped us in this research.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors hereby declare that there is no conflict of interest in the present study.
FUNDING SOURCES
The present study had no financial support.
TABLES & CHARTS
Table 1) Content of Foreman and Herbert Acceptance and Commitment
Therapy Sessions (2008) [12]
Therapy Sessions (2008) [12]
| Meting | Content |
| First | Aiming to know and determine goals and agree on the day and time of meetings and commitment to confidentiality and avoid criticism and advice and provide feedback in the form of personal experiences and talk about the problem, explain the overall purpose of the act and the content of constructive frustration and using From the metaphor of Someone who fell into a well and had a problem. |
| Second | We started by talking about the concept of acceptance and the metaphor of the polar bear and the allegory of flowing pebbles and roommates and the metaphor of Golzar and the annoying neighbor, and finally the difference between suffering was discussed. |
| Third | The third session was followed with the aim of practicing mindfulness, living in the present by using mindfulness exercises in daily activities, practicing conscious breathing and allegory of the fisherman's mind, and giving homework to mindfulness and contact with the present. |
| Fourth | The fourth session continued with the aim of introducing the existence of clear values using the allegory of tombstones and magic wands and stating the rules and requirements that should be turned into values again. |
| Fifth and sixth | The fifth and sixth sessions were held with these goals; Fault or fusion, giving homework as a judgment of the mind, practicing that your hands are your thoughts, practicing a strong fist and radio of the mind and mind of the storyteller, practicing the mind of a passerby, allegorizing bus passengers, clarifying that the mind is unique for reason, expressing negative thoughts In the form of a ridiculous voice like a brave boy and ... expressing negative thoughts in the form of a song in a childish tone. |
| Seventh | The seventh session aims to pay attention to the part of the stable self and the part that realizes the transition of thoughts, emotions, feelings and bodily senses in your consciousness by using your concept as a field of seeing and self-conceptualizing, observer practice, objectification practice, using metaphor. Weather and home appliances and chess board were done. |
| Eighth | Finally, the eighth session aims to implement behaviors that are in line with the individual's values and encourage actions that lead to values by talking about committed action, giving practice and asking how much you want to do things to improve your life and give a score. Finished from zero to 10 and writing short-term and long-term goals in line with values. |
Table 2) Mean and standard deviation of research variables in
pre-test and post-test of experimental and control groups
| group | examination Group Mean (standard deviation) |
Control group Mean (standard deviation) |
||
| Variables | Pre-test | Post-test | Pre-test | Post-test |
| Mental health | 56.90±7.94 | 54.05±4.54 | 57.80±5.66 | 57.30±4.65 |
| Psycho-social security | 30.40±2.76 | 33.05±4.24 | 30.30±2.59 | |
| 29.95±3.31 |
Table 3) Levin test to examine the homogeneity of variances
| Variables | Levine test | Degree of freedom 1 | Degree of freedom 2 | Significance level |
| Pre-test of psycho-social security | 0.09 | 1 | 38 | 0.76 |
| Post-test of psychosocial security | 0.80 | 1 | 38 | 0.37 |
| Mental health pre-test | 1.06 | 1 | 38 | 0.31 |
| Mental health post- test | 0.32 | 1 | 38 | 0.57 |
Table 4) Results of the test report of regression slope assumptions
| Group | Source of changes | Total squares | Degrees of freedom | Average of squares | F | p |
| Psycho-social security | Group and pre-test | 91.60 | 2 | 45.80 | 3.04 | 0.06 |
| Error | 556.39 | 37 | 15.03 | - | - | |
| Total | 40338.01 | 40 | - | - | - |
Table 5) Results of analysis of covariance on pre-test-post-test scores of psycho-social security
| Source of changes | Total squares | Degrees of freedom | Average of squares | F | p |
| pre-test | 1.17 | 1 | 1.17 | 0.07 | 0.78 |
| group | 95.65 | 1 | 95.65 | 6.42 | 0.01 |
| Error | 550.72 | 37 | 14.88 | - | - |
| Total | 40338.01 | 40 | - | - | - |
Table 6) Results of the test report of regression slope hypotheses
| Group | Source of changes | Total squares | Degrees of freedom | Average of squares | F | p |
| Mental health | Group and pre-test | 118.48 | 2 | 59.24 | 2.76 | 0.07 |
| Error | 792.29 | 37 | 21.41 | - |
| Total | 124899.01 | 40 | - | - | - |
Table 7) Results of analysis of covariance on
pre-test-post-test scores of mental health variables
| Source of changes | Total squares | Degrees of freedom | Average of squares | F | p |
| pre-test | 1.81 | 1 | 1.81 | 0.08 | 0.77 |
| Group | 103.31 | 1 | 103.31 | 4.75 | 0.03 |
| Error | 803.33 | 37 | 21.71 | - | - |
| Total | 124899.01 | 40 | - | - | - |
Article number: e22
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Police Related Psychology
Received: 2021/12/11 | Accepted: 2022/05/28 | Published: 2022/06/26
Received: 2021/12/11 | Accepted: 2022/05/28 | Published: 2022/06/26
References
1. Moghtadayi M, KhoshAkhlagh H. Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based therapy on psychological flexibility of veterans spouses. J War Public Health. 2015;7(4):183-8. [Persian]. http://ijwph.ir/article-1-521-en.html
2. Zarnagash M, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M, Bashlideh K, Davoodi I, Marashi A. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on quality of life and resiliency of veterans spouses in Ahvaz. J Psycho Methods and Models. 2016;7(23):83-98. [Persian]. 20.1001.1.22285516.1395.7.23.5.5
3. Abdoulmalki L, Amirpour B, Amiri H, Hosseini S S, Afsharinia K. Design and development of a model related to psychological antecedents and consequences of secondary post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans 'Spouses. J Police Med. 2020;9(2):93-102. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.30505/9.2.93
4. Keyes C.L. The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. J Health Soc Behav. 2002;43(2):207-22.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197 [DOI:10.2307/3090197.] [PMID]
5. Sohrabi F; Khanjani M; Azami Y; Khanjani I Sharifi P and Foroughinejad E Training on immunization program against stress on the style of coping with stress, emotion regulation and mental health of homeless women. Sabzevar J Med Sci. (2019);26(4):431-44. [Persian]. http://jsums.medsab.ac.ir/article_1211.html
6. Hartley M. T. Examining the relationships between resilience, mental health, and academic persistence in undergraduate college students. J Am Coll Health. 2011;59(7):596-604. [DOI:10.1080/07448481.2010.515632] [PMID]
7. Khanjani M; Sohrabi F and Azami Y. The effect of resilience promotion program and stress management on psychological well-being, meaning of life, optimism and life satisfaction of homeless women. J Psychiatr Nurs. 2018;6(2):1-11. [Persian]. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-1040-fa.html.
8. Khosravi Z. Investigating the psychosocial harms of female-headed households. Al-Zahra J Human. 2001;11(39):71-94. [Persian]. https://www.sid.ir/Fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=8617
9. Kameli Z; Ghanbari Hashemabadi B and Mohammadian Sharabaf H. R. The effectiveness of cognitive group therapy based on schema on modification early maladaptive schemas among orphan and dysfunctional parenting adolescents girls. J Clin Psychol Coun Res 2011;10(1);83-98. [Persian]. https://dx.doi.org/10.22067/ijap.v1i1.2163
10. Fathi A and Bagherzadeh M. Predicting social security based on social health, communication skills and life skills in women in marginalized areas of Tabriz. Soc Secur Stud. 2020;11(62):109-37. [Persian]. http://sss.jrl.police.ir/article_94474.html
11. Junkin S.E. Yoga and self-esteem: exploring change in middle-aged women [master's thesis]. [University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon]: Harvest; (2007).171 p. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/etd-08212007-141754
12. Mohammadi Z, Borjali A, Sohrabi F The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based treatment on the quality of life of female-headed households under the auspices of the Tehran Welfare Organization. J Cogn Psychol Psychiatr. 2018;5(1);81-91. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/shenakht.5.5.81 [DOI:10.29252/shenakht.5.5.81]
13. Du H, Li X, Chi P, Zhao J, Zhao G. Meaning in life, resilience, and psychological well-being among children affected by parental HIV. AIDS care, 2017;29(11):1410-6. Doi/full/10.1080/09540121.2017.1307923 [DOI:10.1080/09540121.2017.1307923] [PMID]
14. Mahmoudi H, Karbalaei Bagheri Z. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the feeling of hope and belief in a just world in patients with breast cancer. J Health Psychol 1399;9(34):155-70.[Persian]. 10.30473/hpj.2020.49889.4634
15. Howells A, Ivtzan I, Eiroa-Orosa F.J. Putting the 'app' in happiness: a randomized controlled trial of a smartphone-based mindfulness intervention to Enhance Wellbeing. J Happiness Stud. 2014;17(1):163-85. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-014-9589-1 [DOI:10.1007/s10902-014-9589-1]
16. Aslani T and Azadeh S.M. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on improving social well-being and mother-child relationships of mother-daughter single-parent daughters. J Princ Ment Health. 2015;18:557-61. [Persian]. https://dx.doi.org/10.22038/jfmh.2016.8612
17. Shojaeian M. Determining the effects of commitment and acceptance education on life expectancy and mental health of divorced women. J Edu Psychol. 2015;6(4):13-22. [Persian]. http://psyedu.toniau.ac.ir/article_561693.html
18. Goldberg D.P. The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire: A technique for the identification and assessment of Non- Psychotic Psychiatric Illness. London: Oxford University press. (2008). [DOI:10.1177%2F070674377301800421]
19. Taqavi M. Validity and reliability of the general health questionnaire (Ghq-28) in college students of shiraz university. J Psychol. 2002;5(20):381-98. [Persian]. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=39078
20. Fathi A, Sharifi Rahnmo S, Zare. Predicting psychosocial security based on social desirability, social adjustment and social adequacy among high school students. J Soc Secur Stud. 2020;10(60):105-31. [Persian]. http://sss.jrl.police.ir/article_93856.html
21. Aflaki Fard H, Izadpanah M. Comparison of quality of life and happiness of foster mothers and non-foster mothers in Jahrom. Women Soc Q. 2019;10(38):303-18. [Persian]. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088566.1398.10.38.14.5
22. Kamiya Y, Akpalu B, Mahama E, Ayipah E.K, Hodgson A, Shibanuma A, et al. The gender gap in relation to happiness and preferences in married couples after childbirth: evidence from a field experiment in rural Ghana. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36(1):8-23. Https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-017-0084-2 [DOI:10.1186/s41043-017-0084-2] [PMID] [PMCID]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |