Introduction
... [1]. Some soldiers commit crimes such as desertion [2]. ... [3, 4]. Factors affecting desertion can be considered as intra-organizational factors (managerial factors and legal factors) and extra-organizational factors (individual, family and environmental factors) [5]. In many cases desertion is due to the intolerance of the situation and occurs during a process, in this way, first there is incompatibility with the situation, violence and finally escape. [6]. ... [7-10]. Distress tolerance in soldiers includes a person's capacity to tolerate unpleasant experiences and internal states such as negative emotions, disappointment and physical discomfort [11]. ... [12-14]. Kamalvand, Karimi Taher and Vosoughi [1] have shown that psychological factors are significantly associated with desertion. High stress, decreased tolerance and other individual factors play important roles in military violence [15]. The effect of high stress and low distress tolerance causes the reactions of autonomous systems and leaving work in the military population [16]. Distress Tolerance plays a mediating role in the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and personal violence and military leaving work [17].
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of distress tolerance in relation between soldier violence and the tendency to scape due to commanders' performance.
Research Type
This cross-sectional descriptive study was applied in terms of purpose and is a correlational study based on structural equation modeling.
Research Society, Place and Time
The statistical population of the present study consisted of 280 soldiers of Imam Sajjad Educational Center in Urmia in 2021.
Sampling Method and Number
... [18]. To determine the sample size in this study, according to the 9 variables observed in the model and assigning a coefficient of 20 for each variable, with the possibility of incomplete questionnaires, 210 people were selected by simple random sampling.
Used Devices & Materials
For data collection, Buss and Perry Violence Questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha between 0.76 and 0.87), the Simons and Gaher Distress Tolerance Questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha between 0.71 and 0.79) and researcher-made questionnaire for tendency to escape due to the performance of commanders were used. ... [19-22]. The researcher-made questionnaire was designed with five questions. The questions include areas based on the quantity and quality of training activities provided by commanders, the type of training, maintaining the respect and attitude of commanders and punishments. The high scores in this questionnaire indicate a higher level of tendency to scape due to the performance of commanders in soldiers. In evaluating the validity of the questionnaire questions, the results showed that the effect size was 0.58 to 0.71. Also, the validity of the content was confirmed by two indicators of ratio and necessity according to the study in a group of 10 experts. Also, the reliability of Cronbach's alpha method was 0.88.
Ethical Permissions
The ethical principles of the present study were fully observed.
Statistical Analysis
The relations between variables were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and the mediating role of distress tolerance was analyzed using structural equation modeling in SPSS 18 and AMOS 23.
Finding by Text
There were 162 people in the study of demographic characteristics with the mean age of 19.65 ±0.78 in the age range of 18 to 22 and 48 people with a mean age of 26.39±0.56 in the age range of 23 to 30. The mean of violence was 89.66± 7.37, distress tolerance was 29.34± 4.47 and tendency to escape was 15.68±2.24 (Table 1). Also, in consideration of the default of normal data distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the values were higher than the significance level of 0.05 (Table 1) and the default was confirmed. The results of the correlation matrix between the variables showed that there was a significant correlation between the variables of violence and distress tolerance with the tendency to escape (Table 2). There was a significant negative correlation between the variable of distress tolerance and the tendency to escape and there was a significant positive correlation between the variable of violence and the tendency to escape. According to the results in Table 3, the RMSEA value was equal to 0.035 (DF = 161), so the mean squared error of the model was appropriate and the model was acceptable. Also, the chi-square on degree of freedom 

(χ2

/df)  value was between 1 and 3 and the GFI, CFI and NFI indices were approximately equal to and greater than 0.9, which showed that the model for measuring research variables was a suitable model. Regression weight statistics to determine the effect of (β) with respect to the level of significance showed that the significant effect was exogenous (violence and disturbance tolerance) on the final endogenous variable (tendency to escape). The direct effect of violence on escape is 0.29 positive and the direct effect of distress tolerance on escape is 0.24 negative (Table 4). The standardized values of the indirect effect of the violence path on the tendency to escape through distress tolerance mediation were confirmed by the bootstrap estimation method (Table 5). Violence obviously affected the tendency to escape through the mediation of distress tolerance -0.48 which was obtained at the 0.05 significant level. Therefore, the fit indices of the research model were confirmed and in general, two variables were able to predict (R2 = 0.41) the tendency to escape, 41% of which could be explained by the variables of violence and distress tolerance in direct and indirect paths (Figure 1).

Main Comparison to the Similar Studies
The results of this study were consistent with the findings of Kamalvand, Karimi Taher and Vosoughi [1] who showed that psychological factors are significantly associated with desertion. Skomorovsky et al. [14] also found that high stress, decreased tolerance and individual factors play significant roles in military violence. Martin et al. [17] found that distress tolerance played a mediating role in the relation between post-traumatic stress disorder and personal violence and leaving work among militaries. Alignment reasons can include the commonalities of cognitive and behavioral theories, which refer to the effects of psychological factors on leaving work and the tendency to scape, however these two studies were different from the present study in terms of time, place and used tools. Explaining these findings based on the cognitive-emotional perspective, it can be stated that a soldier who has a violent spirit, sees his mental security at a low level, experiences more anxiety, and this anxiety increases over time. In this situation, if the soldier has low distress tolerance, he experiences more stress [23, 24]. Therefore, these soldiers tend to scape to reduce their anxiety because they can no longer tolerate much distress and anxiety. On the other hand, violence is influenced by situational factors and these conditions cause defensive reactions such as more violence and isolation from society or even escape from the situation [25]. ... [26]. On the other hand, based on the biological view of brain areas that are activated during processing and learning, it is assumed that they also act as neurological bases for tolerating discomfort. Soldiers who are more violent and more likely to scape, experience more anxiety as a result. This level of anxiety reduces their adaptation and intimacy, and these conditions lead to increased tensions, interpersonal violence, and decreased tolerance in soldiers, and can ultimately lead to a tendency to scape. [27] ... [28, 29].
Limitations
One of the limitations of this study was the research samples restricted to the soldiers of a training center with a specific service record and the use of correlation method in which it is not possible to find the cause. This study was also conducted at the time of Covid-19, therefore, it made the sampling process difficult.
Suggestions
It is suggested that in future researches, other periods of military service be examined. Age and ethnicity criteria should also be considered. Considering the mediating role of distress tolerance in the relationship between soldier violence and the tendency to escape due to commanders' performance, it is suggested that by training methods, soldiers' self-care behaviors be increased and focusing on strengthening distress tolerance, soldiers' ability to deal with work anxiety to improving educational conditions be improved.
Conclusions
Soldiers' distress tolerance and violence has a direct effect on soldiers' tendency to scape due to commanders' performance. Soldier violence also has a significant effect on the tendency to scape due to the commanders' performance through the mediation of distress tolerance.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all the participants in the research and all who helped us in this research.
Conflict of Interest
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study.
Funding Sources
The present study had no financial support.

Table 1) Descriptive statistics of research variables and data normality

Figure 1) Final model tested with standardized forecasting statistics