نشریه علمی پژوهشی طب انتظامی Journal of Police Medicine
Volume 11, Issue 1 (2022)
J Police Med 2022, 11(1) |
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Khoshbakht A, sabzi N, Bashirgonbadi S, Golmohammadi A. The Effectiveness of the Self-Compassion Training on Self-Efficacy and Life Satisfaction in NAJA Retirees in Tehran. J Police Med 2022; 11 (1) : e4
URL: http://jpmed.ir/article-1-1025-en.html
URL: http://jpmed.ir/article-1-1025-en.html
1- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran
2- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Tehran Markazi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran , bashiri.sepideh@yahoo.com
4- Department Identification, Faculty of Information, Amin University of Police Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Tehran Markazi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran , bashiri.sepideh@yahoo.com
4- Department Identification, Faculty of Information, Amin University of Police Sciences, Tehran, Iran
English Extended Abstract: (1532 Views)
Introduction
.... [1-7]. Armed Forces personnel usually have organizational powers, facilities, and formalities based on their organizational positions, but in retirement and lack of previous authority, in some cases they experience psychological problems [8] which causes them to feel inefficacious and also have dissatisfaction with life [9]. ... [10]. According to various studies, in retirement, people's senses of life satisfaction and self-efficacy decrease [11-13]. Therefore, reinforcement of these factors can improve the mental health of retirees. Self-compassion interventions are one of the trainings to help these people to avoid feelings of inefficiency and life dissatisfaction. ... [14]. People who have more compassion for themselves, because they judge with less rigor, accept painful events more easily and are less anxious, etc. [15]. ... [16]. Treatment of self-compassion in recent years has been used to reduce severe reactions and negative emotions [17], reduce stress and anxiety [18], increase quality of life [19], life satisfaction [20] and resilience [21] in different communities. But in previous research, the effectiveness of this type of intervention in the community of police force retirees has not been examined. ... [22-24].
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion treatment on self-efficacy and life satisfaction among police retirees in Tehran, Iran.
Research Type
This research is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group.
Research Society, Place and Time
The population of the present study were all retirees of Tehran, Iran police in 2020.
Sampling Method and Number
30 available samples were selected.
Used Devices & Materials
Scherer and Maddox Self-Efficacy [25] and Diner et al. Life Satisfaction [26, 27] questionnaires were used as research tools. ... [28].
Statistical Analysis
Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the effect of treatment on self-efficacy and life satisfaction. The statistical analysis was totally performed using SPSS 22 software. Significance level was considered as (P-value <0.05).
Finding by Text
The entire 30 samples participated in the study to the end of the group therapy and no fall occurred. The mean age of retirees in the experimental group was 73.11±6.41 and in the control group was 76.51±5.31. The results of univariate analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (P-value=0.134; F=2.38). According to Table 2, the changes in the mean of self-efficacy and life satisfaction indices in the experimental group were somewhat noticeable, but ANCOVA was used to compare these means. It should be noted that before doing ANCOVA, its assumptions were first reviewed and confirmed. Considering the F values for self-efficacy post-test (91.76) and its significance level (P-value = 0.001) which was less than 0.05, it was observed that self- compassion treatment was effective and could increase self-efficacy in the experimental group. (Table 3). Considering the F values for the life satisfaction post-test (12.79) and its significance level (P-value = 0.001), which was less than 0.05, it was observed that self-compassion treatment was effective and was able to increase life satisfaction in the experimental group (Table 4).
Main Comparison to the Similar Studies
According to the first finding of the study, self-compassion treatment improved the self-efficacy of retirees. This finding is consistent with previous research [15, 17, 18, 21]. According to the second finding of the study, self-compassion treatment promotes life satisfaction in retirees. This finding is consistent with previous research [11, 12]. .... [29].
Limitation
One of the limitations of this study was the inability to control the interpersonal and family problems of retirees that these interactions can lead to improved or reduced self-efficacy and life satisfaction. Another limitation of this study was the selection of a sample only from retirees of the Tehran, Iran police force, which limits the generalizability of the results.
Suggestions
It is suggested that in future research, by controlling the amount and type of interpersonal and family problems of individuals, the relationship of these interactions and interpersonal conditions with the improvement or occurrence of self-efficacy and life satisfaction of retirees be examined. Research of this kind should also be conducted on police force retirees and other agencies in other cities. Lack of follow-up period was another limitation of the present study that should be considered in future research.
Conclusions
The results of the study showed that self-compassion treatment is effective on self-efficacy and life satisfaction of retirees and this type of intervention can be used to improve the problems of retirees, especially police force retirees.
Clinical & Practical Tips in Police Medicine
It is necessary to perform interventions and trainings that lead to improving the health status of retirees, including their sense of self-efficacy and life satisfaction, and can be very useful in this section of society.
Acknowledgments
The researchers consider it necessary to express their sincere gratitude to all the participants in this study doing of which was impossible without their cooperation, as well as to the friends and professors who helped the researchers in this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study.
Funding Sources
All research costs are covered by the authors.
Table 2) The average of research indicators in the pre-test and post-test stages among two groups
Table 3) ANCOVA test results to evaluate the effect of treatment on self-efficacy
Table 4) ANCOVA test results to evaluate the effect of treatment on life satisfaction
.... [1-7]. Armed Forces personnel usually have organizational powers, facilities, and formalities based on their organizational positions, but in retirement and lack of previous authority, in some cases they experience psychological problems [8] which causes them to feel inefficacious and also have dissatisfaction with life [9]. ... [10]. According to various studies, in retirement, people's senses of life satisfaction and self-efficacy decrease [11-13]. Therefore, reinforcement of these factors can improve the mental health of retirees. Self-compassion interventions are one of the trainings to help these people to avoid feelings of inefficiency and life dissatisfaction. ... [14]. People who have more compassion for themselves, because they judge with less rigor, accept painful events more easily and are less anxious, etc. [15]. ... [16]. Treatment of self-compassion in recent years has been used to reduce severe reactions and negative emotions [17], reduce stress and anxiety [18], increase quality of life [19], life satisfaction [20] and resilience [21] in different communities. But in previous research, the effectiveness of this type of intervention in the community of police force retirees has not been examined. ... [22-24].
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion treatment on self-efficacy and life satisfaction among police retirees in Tehran, Iran.
Research Type
This research is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group.
Research Society, Place and Time
The population of the present study were all retirees of Tehran, Iran police in 2020.
Sampling Method and Number
30 available samples were selected.
Used Devices & Materials
Scherer and Maddox Self-Efficacy [25] and Diner et al. Life Satisfaction [26, 27] questionnaires were used as research tools. ... [28].
Statistical Analysis
Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the effect of treatment on self-efficacy and life satisfaction. The statistical analysis was totally performed using SPSS 22 software. Significance level was considered as (P-value <0.05).
Finding by Text
The entire 30 samples participated in the study to the end of the group therapy and no fall occurred. The mean age of retirees in the experimental group was 73.11±6.41 and in the control group was 76.51±5.31. The results of univariate analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (P-value=0.134; F=2.38). According to Table 2, the changes in the mean of self-efficacy and life satisfaction indices in the experimental group were somewhat noticeable, but ANCOVA was used to compare these means. It should be noted that before doing ANCOVA, its assumptions were first reviewed and confirmed. Considering the F values for self-efficacy post-test (91.76) and its significance level (P-value = 0.001) which was less than 0.05, it was observed that self- compassion treatment was effective and could increase self-efficacy in the experimental group. (Table 3). Considering the F values for the life satisfaction post-test (12.79) and its significance level (P-value = 0.001), which was less than 0.05, it was observed that self-compassion treatment was effective and was able to increase life satisfaction in the experimental group (Table 4).
Main Comparison to the Similar Studies
According to the first finding of the study, self-compassion treatment improved the self-efficacy of retirees. This finding is consistent with previous research [15, 17, 18, 21]. According to the second finding of the study, self-compassion treatment promotes life satisfaction in retirees. This finding is consistent with previous research [11, 12]. .... [29].
Limitation
One of the limitations of this study was the inability to control the interpersonal and family problems of retirees that these interactions can lead to improved or reduced self-efficacy and life satisfaction. Another limitation of this study was the selection of a sample only from retirees of the Tehran, Iran police force, which limits the generalizability of the results.
Suggestions
It is suggested that in future research, by controlling the amount and type of interpersonal and family problems of individuals, the relationship of these interactions and interpersonal conditions with the improvement or occurrence of self-efficacy and life satisfaction of retirees be examined. Research of this kind should also be conducted on police force retirees and other agencies in other cities. Lack of follow-up period was another limitation of the present study that should be considered in future research.
Conclusions
The results of the study showed that self-compassion treatment is effective on self-efficacy and life satisfaction of retirees and this type of intervention can be used to improve the problems of retirees, especially police force retirees.
Clinical & Practical Tips in Police Medicine
It is necessary to perform interventions and trainings that lead to improving the health status of retirees, including their sense of self-efficacy and life satisfaction, and can be very useful in this section of society.
Acknowledgments
The researchers consider it necessary to express their sincere gratitude to all the participants in this study doing of which was impossible without their cooperation, as well as to the friends and professors who helped the researchers in this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study.
Funding Sources
All research costs are covered by the authors.
Table 1) Summary of self-compassion training sessions
| Meeting number | Content |
| 1 | Introduce and communicate with participants and articulate the purpose of education (retirees' problems and increase their self-efficacy in the face of problems and life satisfaction) and conceptualize self-compassion-focused education |
| 2 | Explain compassion, what compassion is and how problems can be overcome through it. Mindfulness training with physical examination and breathing exercises, familiarity with compassion-based brain systems |
| 3 | Familiarity with the characteristics of compassionate people, compassion for others, cultivating feelings of being social and kindness towards oneself, cultivating and understanding that others have flaws and problems (cultivating a sense of human commonalities) in the face of self-destructive feelings, training to increase warmth and energy, mindfulness, acceptance , wisdom and power and lack of judgment |
| 4 | Encouraging people to self-knowledge and examining their personality as compassionate or non-compassionate according to educational topics, identifying and applying compassionate mind development exercises, the value of compassion, empathy and sympathy for others and ourselves |
| 5 | Teaching styles and methods of expressing compassion (verbal, practical, cross-sectional and continuous) and applying these methods in daily life and for spouse, friends and acquaintances |
| 6 | Teaching compassion skills to retirees in the areas of compassionate attention, compassionate reasoning, compassionate behavior, compassionate imagery, compassionate feeling, and compassionate perception. Playing the role of a person in the three existential dimensions of self-critical, self-criticized and self-compassionate using Gestalt’s empty chair technique, finding the tone of self-critical and inner self-compassionate voice during internal dialogue and similar to the dialogue pattern of important people in life such as spouse and children. |
| 7 | Complete the weekly table of critical thoughts, compassionate thoughts and compassionate behavior, find compassionate colors, places and music that can be components of compassionate imagery, work on self-compassion fears and barriers to cultivating this trait, teach compassionate mental imagery techniques mindfulness and writing a letter of compassion |
| 8 | Summarizing and concluding and answering the questions of the members and evaluating the whole sessions, thanking and appreciating the members for participating in the sessions, conducting the post-test |
Table 2) The average of research indicators in the pre-test and post-test stages among two groups
| indicators | level | examination Group | control group | ||
| Mean | Standard deviation | Mean | Standard deviation | ||
| Self-efficacy | pre-test | 31.40 | 6.40 | 30.06 | 5.73 |
| post-test | 53.80 | 13.35 | 29.00 | 7.58 | |
| Life satisfaction | pre-test | 18.40 | 3.18 | 16.60 | 3.85 |
| post-test | 22.80 | 4.29 | 17.06 | 5.06 | |
Table 3) ANCOVA test results to evaluate the effect of treatment on self-efficacy
| Variables | Total squares | Freedom degree | Average squares | F | meaningfulness | Eta Square |
| Intercept | 384.36 | 1 | 384.36 | 8.38 | 0.007 | 0.237 |
| pre-exam | 530.68 | 1 | 530.68 | 11.57 | 0.002 | 0.300 |
| group | 4206.65 | 1 | 4206.65 | 91.76 | 0.001 | 0.773 |
| Error | 1237.71 | 27 | 45.84 | - | - | - |
| Total | 57800 | 30 | - | - | - | - |
Table 4) ANCOVA test results to evaluate the effect of treatment on life satisfaction
| Variables | Total squares | Freedom degree | Average squares | F | meaningfulness | Eta Square |
| Intercept | 1.35 | 1 | 1.35 | 0.171 | 0.682 | 0.006 |
| pre-exam | 403.99 | 1 | 403.99 | 51.13 | 0.001 | 0.654 |
| group | 101.10 | 1 | 101.10 | 12.79 | 0.001 | 0.322 |
| Error | 213.33 | 27 | 7.90 | - | - | - |
| Total | 12784 | 30 | - | - | - | - |
Article number: e4
Keywords: Retirement [MeSH], Self-Efficacy [MeSH], Personal Satisfaction [MeSH], Police [MeSH], Empathy [MeSH]
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Police Related Psychology
Received: 2021/06/13 | Accepted: 2021/11/16 | Published: 2021/12/29
Received: 2021/06/13 | Accepted: 2021/11/16 | Published: 2021/12/29
Extended Abstract [HTM 27 KB] (40 Download)
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