نشریه علمی پژوهشی طب انتظامی Journal of Police Medicine
Volume 11, Issue 1 (2022)
J Police Med 2022, 11(1) |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Khoshbakht A, sabzi N, Bashirgonbadi S, Golmohammadi A. The Effectiveness of the Self-Compassion Training on Self-Efficacy and Life Satisfaction in NAJA Retirees in Tehran. J Police Med 2022; 11 (1) : e4
URL: http://jpmed.ir/article-1-1025-en.html
URL: http://jpmed.ir/article-1-1025-en.html
1- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran
2- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Tehran Markazi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran ,bashiri.sepideh@yahoo.com
4- Department Identification, Faculty of Information, Amin University of Police Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Tehran Markazi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran ,
4- Department Identification, Faculty of Information, Amin University of Police Sciences, Tehran, Iran
English Extended Abstract: (1911 Views)
Introduction
.... [1-7]. Armed Forces personnel usually have organizational powers, facilities, and formalities based on their organizational positions, but in retirement and lack of previous authority, in some cases they experience psychological problems [8] which causes them to feel inefficacious and also have dissatisfaction with life [9]. ... [10]. According to various studies, in retirement, people's senses of life satisfaction and self-efficacy decrease [11-13]. Therefore, reinforcement of these factors can improve the mental health of retirees. Self-compassion interventions are one of the trainings to help these people to avoid feelings of inefficiency and life dissatisfaction. ... [14]. People who have more compassion for themselves, because they judge with less rigor, accept painful events more easily and are less anxious, etc. [15]. ... [16]. Treatment of self-compassion in recent years has been used to reduce severe reactions and negative emotions [17], reduce stress and anxiety [18], increase quality of life [19], life satisfaction [20] and resilience [21] in different communities. But in previous research, the effectiveness of this type of intervention in the community of police force retirees has not been examined. ... [22-24].
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion treatment on self-efficacy and life satisfaction among police retirees in Tehran, Iran.
Research Type
This research is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group.
Research Society, Place and Time
The population of the present study were all retirees of Tehran, Iran police in 2020.
Sampling Method and Number
30 available samples were selected.
Used Devices & Materials
Scherer and Maddox Self-Efficacy [25] and Diner et al. Life Satisfaction [26, 27] questionnaires were used as research tools. ... [28].
Statistical Analysis
Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the effect of treatment on self-efficacy and life satisfaction. The statistical analysis was totally performed using SPSS 22 software. Significance level was considered as (P-value <0.05).
Finding by Text
The entire 30 samples participated in the study to the end of the group therapy and no fall occurred. The mean age of retirees in the experimental group was 73.11±6.41 and in the control group was 76.51±5.31. The results of univariate analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (P-value=0.134; F=2.38). According to Table 2, the changes in the mean of self-efficacy and life satisfaction indices in the experimental group were somewhat noticeable, but ANCOVA was used to compare these means. It should be noted that before doing ANCOVA, its assumptions were first reviewed and confirmed. Considering the F values for self-efficacy post-test (91.76) and its significance level (P-value = 0.001) which was less than 0.05, it was observed that self- compassion treatment was effective and could increase self-efficacy in the experimental group. (Table 3). Considering the F values for the life satisfaction post-test (12.79) and its significance level (P-value = 0.001), which was less than 0.05, it was observed that self-compassion treatment was effective and was able to increase life satisfaction in the experimental group (Table 4).
Main Comparison to the Similar Studies
According to the first finding of the study, self-compassion treatment improved the self-efficacy of retirees. This finding is consistent with previous research [15, 17, 18, 21]. According to the second finding of the study, self-compassion treatment promotes life satisfaction in retirees. This finding is consistent with previous research [11, 12]. .... [29].
Limitation
One of the limitations of this study was the inability to control the interpersonal and family problems of retirees that these interactions can lead to improved or reduced self-efficacy and life satisfaction. Another limitation of this study was the selection of a sample only from retirees of the Tehran, Iran police force, which limits the generalizability of the results.
Suggestions
It is suggested that in future research, by controlling the amount and type of interpersonal and family problems of individuals, the relationship of these interactions and interpersonal conditions with the improvement or occurrence of self-efficacy and life satisfaction of retirees be examined. Research of this kind should also be conducted on police force retirees and other agencies in other cities. Lack of follow-up period was another limitation of the present study that should be considered in future research.
Conclusions
The results of the study showed that self-compassion treatment is effective on self-efficacy and life satisfaction of retirees and this type of intervention can be used to improve the problems of retirees, especially police force retirees.
Clinical & Practical Tips in Police Medicine
It is necessary to perform interventions and trainings that lead to improving the health status of retirees, including their sense of self-efficacy and life satisfaction, and can be very useful in this section of society.
Acknowledgments
The researchers consider it necessary to express their sincere gratitude to all the participants in this study doing of which was impossible without their cooperation, as well as to the friends and professors who helped the researchers in this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study.
Funding Sources
All research costs are covered by the authors.
Table 2) The average of research indicators in the pre-test and post-test stages among two groups
Table 3) ANCOVA test results to evaluate the effect of treatment on self-efficacy
Table 4) ANCOVA test results to evaluate the effect of treatment on life satisfaction
.... [1-7]. Armed Forces personnel usually have organizational powers, facilities, and formalities based on their organizational positions, but in retirement and lack of previous authority, in some cases they experience psychological problems [8] which causes them to feel inefficacious and also have dissatisfaction with life [9]. ... [10]. According to various studies, in retirement, people's senses of life satisfaction and self-efficacy decrease [11-13]. Therefore, reinforcement of these factors can improve the mental health of retirees. Self-compassion interventions are one of the trainings to help these people to avoid feelings of inefficiency and life dissatisfaction. ... [14]. People who have more compassion for themselves, because they judge with less rigor, accept painful events more easily and are less anxious, etc. [15]. ... [16]. Treatment of self-compassion in recent years has been used to reduce severe reactions and negative emotions [17], reduce stress and anxiety [18], increase quality of life [19], life satisfaction [20] and resilience [21] in different communities. But in previous research, the effectiveness of this type of intervention in the community of police force retirees has not been examined. ... [22-24].
Aim(s)
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion treatment on self-efficacy and life satisfaction among police retirees in Tehran, Iran.
Research Type
This research is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group.
Research Society, Place and Time
The population of the present study were all retirees of Tehran, Iran police in 2020.
Sampling Method and Number
30 available samples were selected.
Used Devices & Materials
Scherer and Maddox Self-Efficacy [25] and Diner et al. Life Satisfaction [26, 27] questionnaires were used as research tools. ... [28].
Statistical Analysis
Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the effect of treatment on self-efficacy and life satisfaction. The statistical analysis was totally performed using SPSS 22 software. Significance level was considered as (P-value <0.05).
Finding by Text
The entire 30 samples participated in the study to the end of the group therapy and no fall occurred. The mean age of retirees in the experimental group was 73.11±6.41 and in the control group was 76.51±5.31. The results of univariate analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (P-value=0.134; F=2.38). According to Table 2, the changes in the mean of self-efficacy and life satisfaction indices in the experimental group were somewhat noticeable, but ANCOVA was used to compare these means. It should be noted that before doing ANCOVA, its assumptions were first reviewed and confirmed. Considering the F values for self-efficacy post-test (91.76) and its significance level (P-value = 0.001) which was less than 0.05, it was observed that self- compassion treatment was effective and could increase self-efficacy in the experimental group. (Table 3). Considering the F values for the life satisfaction post-test (12.79) and its significance level (P-value = 0.001), which was less than 0.05, it was observed that self-compassion treatment was effective and was able to increase life satisfaction in the experimental group (Table 4).
Main Comparison to the Similar Studies
According to the first finding of the study, self-compassion treatment improved the self-efficacy of retirees. This finding is consistent with previous research [15, 17, 18, 21]. According to the second finding of the study, self-compassion treatment promotes life satisfaction in retirees. This finding is consistent with previous research [11, 12]. .... [29].
Limitation
One of the limitations of this study was the inability to control the interpersonal and family problems of retirees that these interactions can lead to improved or reduced self-efficacy and life satisfaction. Another limitation of this study was the selection of a sample only from retirees of the Tehran, Iran police force, which limits the generalizability of the results.
Suggestions
It is suggested that in future research, by controlling the amount and type of interpersonal and family problems of individuals, the relationship of these interactions and interpersonal conditions with the improvement or occurrence of self-efficacy and life satisfaction of retirees be examined. Research of this kind should also be conducted on police force retirees and other agencies in other cities. Lack of follow-up period was another limitation of the present study that should be considered in future research.
Conclusions
The results of the study showed that self-compassion treatment is effective on self-efficacy and life satisfaction of retirees and this type of intervention can be used to improve the problems of retirees, especially police force retirees.
Clinical & Practical Tips in Police Medicine
It is necessary to perform interventions and trainings that lead to improving the health status of retirees, including their sense of self-efficacy and life satisfaction, and can be very useful in this section of society.
Acknowledgments
The researchers consider it necessary to express their sincere gratitude to all the participants in this study doing of which was impossible without their cooperation, as well as to the friends and professors who helped the researchers in this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study.
Funding Sources
All research costs are covered by the authors.
Table 1) Summary of self-compassion training sessions
| Meeting number | Content |
| 1 | Introduce and communicate with participants and articulate the purpose of education (retirees' problems and increase their self-efficacy in the face of problems and life satisfaction) and conceptualize self-compassion-focused education |
| 2 | Explain compassion, what compassion is and how problems can be overcome through it. Mindfulness training with physical examination and breathing exercises, familiarity with compassion-based brain systems |
| 3 | Familiarity with the characteristics of compassionate people, compassion for others, cultivating feelings of being social and kindness towards oneself, cultivating and understanding that others have flaws and problems (cultivating a sense of human commonalities) in the face of self-destructive feelings, training to increase warmth and energy, mindfulness, acceptance , wisdom and power and lack of judgment |
| 4 | Encouraging people to self-knowledge and examining their personality as compassionate or non-compassionate according to educational topics, identifying and applying compassionate mind development exercises, the value of compassion, empathy and sympathy for others and ourselves |
| 5 | Teaching styles and methods of expressing compassion (verbal, practical, cross-sectional and continuous) and applying these methods in daily life and for spouse, friends and acquaintances |
| 6 | Teaching compassion skills to retirees in the areas of compassionate attention, compassionate reasoning, compassionate behavior, compassionate imagery, compassionate feeling, and compassionate perception. Playing the role of a person in the three existential dimensions of self-critical, self-criticized and self-compassionate using Gestalt’s empty chair technique, finding the tone of self-critical and inner self-compassionate voice during internal dialogue and similar to the dialogue pattern of important people in life such as spouse and children. |
| 7 | Complete the weekly table of critical thoughts, compassionate thoughts and compassionate behavior, find compassionate colors, places and music that can be components of compassionate imagery, work on self-compassion fears and barriers to cultivating this trait, teach compassionate mental imagery techniques mindfulness and writing a letter of compassion |
| 8 | Summarizing and concluding and answering the questions of the members and evaluating the whole sessions, thanking and appreciating the members for participating in the sessions, conducting the post-test |
Table 2) The average of research indicators in the pre-test and post-test stages among two groups
| indicators | level | examination Group | control group | ||
| Mean | Standard deviation | Mean | Standard deviation | ||
| Self-efficacy | pre-test | 31.40 | 6.40 | 30.06 | 5.73 |
| post-test | 53.80 | 13.35 | 29.00 | 7.58 | |
| Life satisfaction | pre-test | 18.40 | 3.18 | 16.60 | 3.85 |
| post-test | 22.80 | 4.29 | 17.06 | 5.06 | |
Table 3) ANCOVA test results to evaluate the effect of treatment on self-efficacy
| Variables | Total squares | Freedom degree | Average squares | F | meaningfulness | Eta Square |
| Intercept | 384.36 | 1 | 384.36 | 8.38 | 0.007 | 0.237 |
| pre-exam | 530.68 | 1 | 530.68 | 11.57 | 0.002 | 0.300 |
| group | 4206.65 | 1 | 4206.65 | 91.76 | 0.001 | 0.773 |
| Error | 1237.71 | 27 | 45.84 | - | - | - |
| Total | 57800 | 30 | - | - | - | - |
Table 4) ANCOVA test results to evaluate the effect of treatment on life satisfaction
| Variables | Total squares | Freedom degree | Average squares | F | meaningfulness | Eta Square |
| Intercept | 1.35 | 1 | 1.35 | 0.171 | 0.682 | 0.006 |
| pre-exam | 403.99 | 1 | 403.99 | 51.13 | 0.001 | 0.654 |
| group | 101.10 | 1 | 101.10 | 12.79 | 0.001 | 0.322 |
| Error | 213.33 | 27 | 7.90 | - | - | - |
| Total | 12784 | 30 | - | - | - | - |
Article number: e4
Keywords: Retirement [MeSH], Self-Efficacy [MeSH], Personal Satisfaction [MeSH], Police [MeSH], Empathy [MeSH]
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Police Related Psychology
Received: 2021/06/13 | Accepted: 2021/11/16 | Published: 2021/12/29
Received: 2021/06/13 | Accepted: 2021/11/16 | Published: 2021/12/29
Extended Abstract [HTM 27 KB] (48 Download)
References
1. Osoba MY, Rao AK, Agrawal SK, Lalwani AK. Balance and gait in the elderly: A contemporary review. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2019;4(1):143-53. DOI: 10.1002/lio2.252. [DOI:10.1002/lio2.252] [PMID] [PMCID]
2. Atalay K, Barrett GF, Staneva A. The effect of retirement on elderly cognitive functioning. J Health Econ. 2019;66:37-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.04.006 [DOI:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.04.006] [PMID]
3. Manfredi G, Midão L, Paúl C, Cena C, Duarte M, Costa E. Prevalence of frailty status among the European elderly population: Findings from the survey of health, aging and retirement in Europe. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019;19(8):723-9. DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13689. [DOI:10.1111/ggi.13689] [PMID]
4. Chen A, Hieber P, Klein JK. Tonuity: A novel individual-oriented retirement plan. ASTIN Bulletin: IAA. 2019;49(1):1-26. DOI:10.1017/asb.2018.33. [DOI:10.1017/asb.2018.33]
5. Browne P, Carr E, Fleischmann M, Xue B, Stansfeld SA. The relationship between workplace psychosocial environment and retirement intentions and actual retirement: a systematic review. Eur J Ageing. 2019;16(1):73-82. doi: 10.1007/s10433-018-0473-4. [DOI:10.1007/s10433-018-0473-4] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. Sullivan SE, Al Ariss A. Employment after retirement: A review and framework for future research. J Manag Stud. 2019;45(1):262-84. [DOI:10.1177/0149206318810411]
7. Nyangarika A, FSM B. Influence of retirement benefits and its impact on socio-economic development of retirees in Tanzania. Int. j. adv. res. Innov Ideas Educ. 2020;6(2):1245-58. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F340502512_Influence_of_Retirement_Benefits_and_Its_Impact_on_Socio-Economic_Development_of_Retirees_in_Tanzania&psig=AOvVaw1U792uxBdnI5z1dTIVgoAB&ust=1638157755336000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjhxqFwoTCOCnkayTuvQCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
8. Reisi A, Fathi Ashtiani A, Salimi H, Fathi M, Rabie M. Considering the general health of retired high rank police officers and providing some solutions to reduce their psychological problem during retirement. J police Med. 2017;5(5):351-60. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.30505/5.5.351.
9. Heidari M, Ghodusi Borujeni M, Naseh L. Comparison of self-efficacy and loneliness between community dwelling & institutionalized older people. Iran J Ageing. 2016;11(4):142-51. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.21859/sija-1101142. [DOI:10.21859/sija-1101142]
10. Momeni Kh, Rafiee Z. Correlation of social support and religious considering with life satisfaction in elderly [Persian]. Iran J Ageing. 2018;13(1):50-61.
https://doi.org/10.21859/sija.13.1.50 [DOI:10.21859/SIJA.13.1.50]
11. Dingemans E, Henkens K. Working after retirement and life satisfaction: Cross-national comparative research in Europe. Res Aging. 2019;41(7):648-69. DOI: 10.1177/0164027519830610. [DOI:10.1177/0164027519830610] [PMID]
12. Hansson I, Henning G, Buratti S, Lindwall M, Kivi M, Johansson B, Berg AI. The role of personality in retirement adjustment: Longitudinal evidence for the effects on life satisfaction. J Pers. 2020;(4):642-58. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12516. [DOI:10.1111/jopy.12516] [PMID]
13. Turner JA, Ersek M, Kemp C. Self-efficacy for managing pain is associated with disability, depression, and pain coping among retirement community residents with chronic pain. J Pain. 2005;6(7):471-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2005.02.011. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.02.011] [PMID]
14. Neff K.D, & McGehee P. Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self-Identity. 2010;9(3):225-40. [DOI:10.1080/15298860902979307]
15. Seyyedjafari J, Jeddi M, Mousavi R, Hoseyni E, Shakibmehr M. The effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on elderly life expectancy. J Aging psychol. 2019;5(2):157-68. [Persian].https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=741435
16. Neff, K. D., & Germer CK. A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self‐compassion program. J Clin Psychol. 2013;69(1):28-44. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21923. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.21923] [PMID]
17. Leary MR, Tate EB, Adams CE, Allen AB, Hancock J. Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007;92(5):887-904. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887. [DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887] [PMID]
18. Perez-Blasco J, Sales, A, Meléndez JC, Mayordomo T. The effects of mindfulness and self-compassion on improving the capacity to adapt to stress situations in elderly people living in the community. Clin Gerontol. 2016;39(2):90-103. [DOI:10.1080/07317115.2015.1120253]
19. Gard, T, Brach N, Hölzel BK, Noggle JJ, Conboy LA, Lazar SW. Effects of a yoga-based intervention for young adults on quality of life and perceived stress: The potential mediating roles of mindfulness and self-compassion. J Posit Psychol. 2012;7(3):165-75. [DOI:10.1080/17439760.2012.667144]
20. Mantelou A, Karakasidou E. The effectiveness of a brief self-compassion intervention program on self-compassion, positive and negative affect and life satisfaction. Psychology. 2017;8(4):590-610. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2017.84038 [DOI:10.4236/psych.2017.84038]
21. Yarnell LM, Stafford RE, Neff KD, Reilly ED, Knox MC, Mullarkey M. Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion. J Self Identity. 2015;14(5):499-520.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966 [DOI:10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966.]
22. Tavana MM. Determining the status of different dimensions of NAJA retirees' health and promoting these dimensions. J Police Med. 2020;9(4):193-200. [Persian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.30505/9.4.3
23. Archer T. Health benefits for ageing: positive affect and life satisfaction, exercise and coping and telomere length. J Ment Health Aging. 2017;1(1):13-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35841/mental-health-aging.1.1.13-17. [DOI:10.35841/mental-health-aging.1.1.13-17]
24. Karami Matin B, Kazemi Karyani A, Soltani S, Rezaei S, Soofi M. Predictors of healthcare expenditure: aging, disability or development? J Rehab. 2019;20(4):310-21. [Persian] doi:10.32598/rj.20.4.310. [DOI:10.32598/rj.20.4.310]
25. Hasannia S, Saleh Sedghpoor B, Ebrahim Damavandi M. Structural equation modeling emotional intelligence and happiness and self-efficacy and self-education mediation. Stud Second Lang Learn Teach. 2014;6(2):32-60. (Persian).https://dx.doi.org/10.22099/jsli.2015.2978.
26. Diener E, Emmon RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49(1):71-5.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 [DOI:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.] [PMID]
27. Bayani AA, Koocheki AM, Goudarzi H. The reliability and validity of the satisfaction with life scale.J Dev. Psychology. 2007;3(11):259-65. [Persian]. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=101773.
28. Gilbert P. Compassion-focused therapy. First Edition, translated by Esbati M,Feyzi A. Tehran: Ibn Sina; 2016. 228 p. [Persian].
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203851197 [DOI:10.4324/9780203851197.]
29. Sünbüla ZA, Güneri OY. The relationship between mindfulness and resilience: The mediating role of self-compassion and emotion regulation in a sample of underprivileged Turkish adolescents. Pers Individ. 2019;139:337-42. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.009 [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.009]
30. Sheivandi K, Naeimi E, Farshad MR. Structural model of self-compassion and psychological well-being, self-esteem and body image among female students of Shiraz University with mediator. J Clin Psychol. 2016;6(24):115-33. [Persian]. https://dx.doi.org/10.22054/jcps.2016.6526.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |