نشریه علمی پژوهشی طب انتظامی Journal of Police Medicine
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Volume 4, Issue 3 (12-2015)
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate allele frequency of 15 autosomal STR (short tandem repeat) loci for 50 unrelated healthy individual from Kurdish ethnic population of Kermanshah province in Iran. Materials and Methods: Genetic profile prepared utilizing ABI AmpFl STR IdentifilerTM kit. These 15 STR loci included D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, VWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818 and FGA. Results: There were no deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium except for two loci of D7s820 and D19s433. Based upon the allelic frequencies, several important forensic parameters were calculated including: power of discrimination (PD), polymorphic information content (PIC), power of exclusion (PE) and matching probability (MP). Conclusion: This study confirmed that investigation of these loci for paternity population studies and handling of criminal cases could be used. We compared the allele frequency spectrum detected in this Kurdish population from Kermanshah with allele frequencies from 8 other datasets on three populations with Iranian origin, ie. Iranians in USA, Iranians in Dubai and Fars ethnic group and 5 neighboring populations from AzerbyjanRepublic, Pakistan, Iraqi-Kurdistan, Iraq and Turkey. It was concluded that the population of present study had least similarity with Azerbyjani(12 loci) and most similarity with Turkish(15 loci) populations.
Volume 5, Issue 1 (6-2016)
Background: Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), such as methamphetamine and ecstasy (MDMA), are a group of substances, mostly synthetic in origin, that generally stimulate the central nervous system (CNS). There has been a growing tendency among Iranian youth for the abuse of methamphetamine and, to a much lesser extent, ecstasy during the past decade. GC-MS methods used to identify and quantify ATS are lengthy, expensive processes, but often rapid analysis is requested. In this study we used colour tests as the simplest and quickest chemical test to identify MDMA and methamphetamine in the forty samples seized in Iran
Materials and Methods: TIn this study 20 samples of ecstasy tablets and 20 samples of crystalline methamphetamine obtained from antinarcotics police of Iran were analyzed. Color tests (Marquis test, Simon’s test, Chen’s test and Gallic acid test) were carried out on the samples. GC-MS method was used to confirm the color of test results.
Results: All tablets containing MDMA gave a dark purple color to Marquis test and dark blue to Simon’s. No color was developed in reaction with Chen’s reagent. For all tablets containing MDMA a dark green color was developed in response to the addition of Gallic acid reagent. All samples containing methamphetamine gave a orange color to Marquis test and deep blue to Simon’s. No color was developed in reaction with Chen’s and Gallic acid reagents. Color test results were confirmed by GC-MS. The range of MDMA content in tablets was 10–60% and the range of methamphetamine content in samples was 30–70%.
Conclusion: The Marquis test allows the distinction between amphetamine and its ring-substituted analogues. Simon’s test is generally used as a test for secondary amines, such as methamphetamine and secondary ring-substituted amphetamines, including MDMA. Chen’s test is used to distinguish ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, phenylpropanolamine and methcathinone from amphetamine and methamphetamine, which do not react with Chen’s test reagent. A fourth test, the gallic acid test, provides a simple means for the distinction of MDMA from amphetamine or methamphetamine. The results showed that color tests can be used in many laboratories which are not equipped with systems analysis.
Volume 5, Issue 1 (6-2016)
Background: One of the most important doctors’ problem is related to dissatisfaction and complaints of patients to jurisdiction and its results on their private and career that unfortunately has been increased significantly, despite of science and technology improvements recently. Any how the most important factors in the conviction of the General Surgeons are: Increasing patient population, increasing of Doctors and their Surgeries, involvement of the General Surgeons in Plastic surgery like cosmetic surgery as well as increasing the compensation rate and community awareness.
Materials and Methods: Complaint records of General Surgeons during April 2014 till end of 2013 (20 months) which raised in the Tehran Legal Medicine Committee have been investigated and all related information have been filled in Check List and afterwards analyzed.
Results: Since April 2012 until end of 2013, “1902 complaints” have been recorded which in 205 cases (10.77%) of those, the General Surgeons have been involved.137 cases (66.8%) out of 205 cases malpractice have been recorded that 88 cases (42.9%) were related to cosmetic surgery and 117 cases (57.1%) were related to other surgeries. Highest level of malpractice based on type as following: lack of skills, imprudence and incaution.91 out of 205 cases (44.4%) have been faculty members and 114 persons (55.6%) have not been. 119 cases (58%) of complaints have been related to private centers and 75 cases (36.6%) non- academic governmental centers and 11 cases (5.4%) academic centers.161 persons (78.5%) have been male surgeons and44 persons (21.5%) female surgeons.
Conclusion: No interference in the other specialty and subspecialty fields by general surgeons such as ENT and plastic surgery, scientific and technical skills improvements, proper justification of patients before surgery about possible complications and possibility of incomplete cure as well as relationship improvement between surgeon and patient could impact to reduce of complaints and no conviction of general surgeons.
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2018)
Abstract
Introduction: Hair analysis versus other biological matrices (blood and urine) has advantages such as sample stability, long-term detection after sampling, and ease of sampling. This analysis includes the preparing steps of washing the contaminants from the hair, extracting the desired material from that and preparing the extracted solution to entering the analyzer. The purpose of this paper was a review on analytical methods of drugs in hair and their applications in forensics Sciences.
Conclusion: The recent rapid development of technology has provided highly sensitive and selective determination methods such as GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Instead of blood samples, hair might be used for diagnosis of drug treatment in the near future. For this purpose, simpler and more sensitive methods are required.
Volume 7, Issue 2 (6-2018)
Introduction: Four types of liabilities of physicians can be noted regarding the existing rules; moral, civil, criminal, and disciplinary. Regarding the lawsuits against physicians, most of the complaints in Iran have a civil and financial aspect, and criminal or disciplinary prosecution of physician is less considered. The aim of this review was to examine the basis and types of liabilities of physicians in accordance with the Islamic Penal Code.
Conclusion: In cases of medical misconduct, the criminal response is announced through the appointment of blood money or Arsh, and although it is legally of different kinds, in these cases, it has only a civil aspect. Relying on such a theory, one can consider the issue without referring to the judiciary and ignoring lawsuits in the judicial authorities. Criminal, legislative, or judicial and executive policy may or may not be consistent. Investigating the nature of blood money, the existing regulations, and medical insurance regulations can help us provide useful strategies that will benefit the medical community and the judiciary as well as people and insurance.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Introduction: One of the most important issues that the current communities are involved in is the issue of delinquency. Biologically, one of the important issues in the occurrence of a crime could be the secretion of the adrenal glands. One of the important factors in creating the person's personality is the type of functioning of the adrenal glands and its effects on other glands and manifests itself in the physical and mental state of the individual. The aldosterone hormone produces hormones that regulate the level of the body's minerals. This article was aimed at investigating the rate of reduction of person's alertness with disruption of secretion of the aldosterone hormone.
Conclusion: Disruption of the aldosterone hormone secretion is associated with problems such as hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, failure or infection of kidney, high blood pressure and high blood sugar, or Addison. These problems are significant in terms of criminology; for example, in hypokalemia person's heartbeat is irregular, temporary anesthetic and muscle contraction happens and finally the person goes out of physical and psychological balance. Due to the relative deprivation of perception and alertness in these circumstances, grounds for committing a crime are created. Criminology of high blood pressure is also important because high blood pressure can lead to severe cardiac and brain problems and alertness. Since these diseases have an internal and individual aspect, the guilty does not realize his problem and usually does not cure his illness to defend himself. Therefore, in the event that a person commits a crime due to an abnormality in the secretion of the aldosterone secretion and the other complications mentioned, he should be recognized as having a semi-consistent criminal responsibility. In addition, the total of these physical factors is responsible for other mental illnesses, so that the person may behave abusive behaviors such as attack and aggression.
Volume 7, Issue 4 (12-2018)
Abstract
Introduction: Extraction of DNA from forensic samples is the first and one of the most crucial steps of any genetic forensic test. Hence, obtaining a suitable protocol of extraction DNA that is easy to extract, cost, time, and quality which is essential in the forensic genetic research.
Aims: The present study was carried out to achieve a suitable, faster and low cost method of DNA extraction from different sample for further molecular study.
Materials & Methods: After preparation of samples, three different DNA extraction methods, including chelex, non-enzymatic and modified rapid alkaline lysis were evaluated. In order to compare the above mentioned methods for evaluation ease of extraction, low cost and time , the quality and quantity of DNA obtained from each method considering OD, DNA concentration and PCR efficiency were investigated.
Results: The findings of this study show that despite the availability and lower cost and time of manual methods, these methods can be substitute for kit method.
Volume 9, Issue 2 (3-2020)
Aims: A DNA mixture is an example of at least two individuals having the genetic material mixed together. In criminal cases related to rape or murder, several individuals have been mixed together in crime scenes through sperm, blood, and etc. Identifying the number of people in a mixed DNA sample is very effective in solving criminal cases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the limitations of identity kits for the identification of more than one person's mixed blood samples.
Materials & Methods: This pilot study was conducted at a medical genetic laboratory in Tehran, Iran in 2018-19. The 17 blood mixtures of relatives and non-relatives were combined and then amplified using an identity recognition kit containing 17 STR markers. The number of alleles in each locus was read by XL 3130 Genetic Analyzer to calculate the genotype of the samples and the number of alleles at each specific site and the number of individuals from each blood mix. Samples were analyzed using Gene Mapper 4.1 software.
Findings: Maximum four, six, six and four alleles were observed in the samples of a mixture of two, three and four unrelated and three unrelated individuals, respectively. As a result, it was not possible to accurately detect the number of individuals involved in the samples of more than three individuals using kits with a maximum of 17 markers.
Conclusion: One of the major limitations of conventional STR kits with up to 17 STR markers is the identification of more than three individuals in mixed samples. This limitation is much greater for mixed samples in which individuals are related.
Volume 9, Issue 4 (9-2020)
Aims: Suspected blood stains are among common forms of trace evidence found at crime scenes. Therefore, discriminating between human and animal origin for blood stains is one of the fundamental analyses in forensic laboratories. Currently, tests for determining the origin of bloodstains, such as serology and presumptive tests, are time-consuming and destructive to the sample. However, different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods can be used as highly sensitive and specific techniques for determining a bloodstain’s origin.
Materials & Methods: This experimental study was performed to evaluate conventional, nested, and multiplex PCR for discriminating between human and animal bloodstains, and using them in criminal investigations. These methods were designed based on the PCR amplification of cytochrome b and 16S ribosomal mitochondrial DNA fragment.
Findings: The presence of a single band 157 and 170 base pair (bp) in nested and conventional PCR, respectively, as well as two bands 157 and 359 in multiplex PCR, indicates a human blood sample. However, the presence of a single band 359 bp in multiplex PCR and multiple bands in conventional PCR points to the sample’s non-human origin.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that a multiplex PCR assay designed based on the identification of mitochondrial ribosomal 16S gene has high accuracy in differentiating between human and non-human bloodstains, in addition to being affordable in terms of time and cost. This assay can be useful for forensic purposes because the 16S ribosomal mitochondrial fragment is a small human-specific fragment that is easily amplifiable, even in degraded DNA samples from biological materials.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (1-2021)
AIMS: The present study investigates the efficiency of biological samples taken from the crime scene on crime detection.
METHODS. This study is a descriptive, documentary and applied. The statistical population of this research includes 60 employees of Zanjan State Criminal Police, including crime scene investigators, lab experts of forensic chemistry and biology, forensic detectives, medical examiners and examining magistrates and prosecuting attorneys of Zanjan province’s Judicature with at least 5 years of executive experience in crime scene investigation. The questionnaire is used as a tool in this study. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts and the reliability of the questionnaire, calculated by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, was 0.939. For analyzing, descriptive and inferential statistics Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman and one sample t-tests were used. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed normal distribution of the data; so the parametric tests were used to examine the variables.
FINDINGS. The results of one sample t-test showed that biological samples of blood, saliva, semen, and hair strand make a significant contribution to the scientific detection of crime. Friedman test for ranking the importance of various factors related to different samples on crime detection rate from the view of the respondents, showed that using modern equipments and technologies, sample quality and officer scientific and technical knowledge have the most priorities.
CONCLUSION. According to the results the best biologic test, from the view of the respondents, in crime detection is DNA typing.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (5-2022)
... [1]. Recognizing people traditionally based on identifying them using their physical characteristics (fingerprints, iris, face, way of walking, and DNA) or their behavioral characteristics is called the biometric method [2, 3]. Face recognition is a common way to identify people using their facial features. However, like other biometric methods, in environments with restrictions, the results' quality decreases significantly [4, 5]. ... [6]. A biometric system is a pattern recognition system. A simple biometric system has four essential parts [7]: 1- sensor block (receiving biometric information), 2- feature extraction block (feature vector extraction), 3- comparison block (comparing the vector with templates), 4- decision block ( Identification). ... [8-10]. Although biometric markers are widely used in developed countries today, due to the complexity of hardware and software, extraction of biometric markers such as DNA profile [11], fingerprint characteristics [12], facial characteristics [13], iris and voice characteristics [12], and also the costs of their construction and commissioning face specific challenges in developing countries [14-16]. Challenges that are effective in using biometric evidence: 1- Challenges of providing organizational financial resources, 2- Challenges of providing expert human resources, 3- Challenges of training human resources. The current research investigates the challenges of using biometric evidence in identity detection. Among the research conducted in this field, Garud and Agrawal's research can be mentioned as one that sought to solve the problem of fake faces in recognition technology. Their suggested solutions are blinking, counting based on movement, microtexture extraction, Fourier spectrum analysis, element descriptors, and face recognition focusing on the forehead and image backgrounds [17]. Also, Nogueira, Alencar Lotufo, and Machado have used complex neural networks in their research to detect fingerprint biometrics, which shows that if these networks are trained in advance, they can obtain new results without the need for extensive parameters and expensive designs. Also, this method is highly accurate on minimal training sets [18]. In another study, Andrey 2020 states that in the context of expanding the tools of credit institutions related to the management of the risk of involvement in suspicious transactions, there is a need to introduce new technologies to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Biometric identification technologies are effective in minimizing risk and protecting corporate information systems of banks. ... [19].
AIM(S)
This study aimed to investigate the challenges of using biometric evidence in identification.
RESEARCH TYPE
The current research is a descriptive survey type and method, applied in terms of purpose and nature, and a documentary survey in data collection.
RESEARCH SOCIETY, PLACE & TIME
Questionnaires were distributed and collected in the winter of 2021. The detectives and investigation police officers of Gilan province in Iran were considered the statistical population with 109 people.
SAMPLING METHOD AND NUMBER
Considering the number of the statistical population, the total population was considered in this research (109 people). The criterion for entering the study was at least five years of work experience, and the exclusion criterion from the study was an unwillingness to continue attending.
USED DEVICES & MATERIALS
A researcher-made questionnaire was used as a research tool (Table 1). The scale was used to measure the biometric evidence using seven questions. They measured the challenges of providing organizational financial resources using five questions and the challenges of providing expert human resources using seven questions. Finally, five questions were compiled to measure the challenges of training human resources, and their validity and reliability were checked. The questions were closed-ended and scaled based on a five-point Likert scale from shallow (5 points) to very much (1 point).
ETHICAL PERMISSION
Ethical considerations were observed in conducting this research, including confidentiality of questionnaires, informed consent, and voluntary withdrawal of participants from the research.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
For data analysis, Pearson's R, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were used with SmartPLS version 3 software. A confidence factor of 95% and an error level of 5% were considered for all routes.
FINDING by TEXT
In this study, 84 detectives and police officers of Gilan province in Iran (14 women and 70 men) had completed the questionnaires correctly; 23 of them had a high school diploma, 19 had an associate degree, 38 had a bachelor's degree, and 4 had a master's degree. By performing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test on the data distribution (variables of providing organizational financial resources, providing expert human resources, and training human resources according to the respondents), the p-value was more significant than 0.05, which indicated the normal distribution of the data. In the questionnaire examination, the factor loading of all items was above 0.4, which confirmed the internal correlation. The average value of the extracted variance of the variables was higher than 0.5, and the convergence validity of the measured variables was favorable. Composite reliability was obtained as more significant than the average variance extracted, which was reported due to the convergence validity of desired measurement models. To check the discriminated validity or divergence, the average value of the extracted variance was more significant than the values of the squared covariance and the maximum squared covariance. The internal reliability of the tools was also confirmed (Table 2). According to Table 3, since the mean square of the extracted variance of all variables was higher than the correlation of the constructs with other constructs in the model, the existence of discriminated validity among the research variables was confirmed, and it showed that the measurement tool had a suitable validity. The impact of the challenges of using biometric evidence in identification was obtained using standard coefficient parameters and significant numbers with SmartPLS software (Figures 1 and 2). The impact and t value of the variable of providing organizational financial resources is 0.817 and 12.78, and the provision of expert human resources was respectively 0.658 and 9.24. Also, the human resources training was obtained as 0.508 and 27.6 in using biometric evidence in identification (Table 4). The t values of the three components showed their confirmation. To investigate the impact of three variables of providing organizational financial resources, providing expert human resources, and the challenges of training human resources in using biometric evidence in identification, a one-sample t-test was used, and the results are presented in Table 4. The value of the t statistic for all variables was more significant than the critical value of 1.96, so all the variables of this research were in good condition. The result of calculating Spearman's correlation coefficient (Spearman's rho) to investigate the relationship between biometric evidence and human resources training was 0.482, and the significance level was p<0.001. Also, the Spearman correlation coefficient for examining the relationship between the use of biometric evidence and the allocation of financial resources was 0.353, and the lack of human resources was 0.519 (p<0.001). Therefore, with 95% certainty, there was a significant relationship between using biometric evidence and human resource training, financial resource allocation, and lack of human resources. The results of the Friedman test to rank the averages showed that the opinions of the respondents were as follows; the variables of human resources training with an average rating of 1.35, allocation of human resources with an average rating of 2.46, and lack of human resources with an average rating of 2.19. Considering that the calculated significance level was lower than the intended significance level (p-value=0.05), it can be said that there was a significant difference between the variables in terms of ranking, and the rank of the variable of human resource allocation was higher than other variables.
MAIN COMPARISON to the SIMILAR STUDIES
According to Figure 2, the research population and the challenges of providing financial resources had the most significant impact on the use of biometric evidence. In other words, in the current situation, using biometric evidence and new methods and tools requires financing and investment in this sector, indicating a need for more attention on the part of the authorities. These results are consistent with the research conducted by Andrey in 2020 [19] and Pari and Hamidi [20]. Also, the challenge of providing expert human resources had a more significant impact on the use of biometric evidence than the challenge of training expert human resources. The use of expert forces in the analysis of laboratory samples (such as the use of biometric evidence in identity authentication) leads to the improvement of correct and accurate evaluation results, which is consistent with the research conducted by Shirzad et al. [21], Zohreh Nedayee [22] as well as Ebrahimi and Sadeghinejad [23]. The results of this research indicated that there needs to be more expert human resources. This issue originates from the need for more recruitment of expert personnel in recent years or the lack of scientific improvement of the existing personnel. The third challenge in this research was training the human forces employed in using biometric evidence in identity authentication, which was a lower priority than the two challenges of providing financial resources and allocating expert personnel. Cultivating skilled people, referred to as human resource development, is an inevitable necessity for organizations to survive and progress in today's ever-changing world.
For this reason, training is considered one of the main tasks of human resources management and is always considered an essential factor in formulating development plans or organizational changes. In any case, simply providing training in the form of courses and training programs cannot be an influential factor in improving human resources in the organization. The research by Nasiri in this field also shows the importance of training [24].
LIMITATIONS
The limitations of this research were the non-cooperation of some detectives and police officers of the province, despite sufficient explanations by the researchers. As a result, they did not participate in this research and did not complete the questionnaire.
SUGGESTIONS
It is suggested to increase this department's budget due to the urgent need for identification methods and the increase in security sensitivities. It is also suggested to provide and reduce the costs by exploiting private investment departments.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the research, the lack of adequate financial resources plays a significant role in using biometric evidence for identification. Also, the variable of providing expert human resources and training employed human resources are in the following steps. The use of biometric evidence and the use of new methods and tools require financing and investment, which indicates a lack of attention on the part of the authorities, and the lack of expert human resources can originate from the lack of recruitment of specialists in recent years or the lack of scientific improvement of the existing forces. Also, providing training in the form of courses and training programs cannot be an influential factor in improving human resources in the organization.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We appreciate all the detectives, intelligence officers, and officials of Gilan province in Iran who cooperated in conducting this research.
CONFLICT of INTEREST
The authors state that the present study has no conflict of interest.
FUNDING SOURCES
The present study did not have any financial support.
| Question | very much | much | medium | Low | very low |
| How familiar are you with the new biometric method? |
| How much can new biometric methods help police detectives in crime detection? | |||||
| What is the amount of training provided by the organization to identify new methods? | |||||
| How much does the lack of continuous training in this field affect the performance of intelligence police detectives in crime detection? | |||||
| Do you agree with the feeling of not needing necessary training in biometrics? | |||||
| How much is the lack of interest in learning new biometric methods? | |||||
| What is the amount of training the organization provides to identify new methods? | |||||
| How much progress has been made in training human resources in the application of new biometric methods in the country? | |||||
| Is the lack of proper budget allocation for providing education effective in providing new biometric methods? | |||||
| Does the authorities' lack of knowledge about the applications of the new biometric method in crime detection, as a result of the lack of appropriate budget allocation, affect the use of this method among police detectives? | |||||
| Does not allocating appropriate funds for purchasing and setting up new equipment and facilities harm the detection of organized crimes? | |||||
| Does the authorities' lack of feeling the need to allocate funds for equipping and launching new biometric tools harm the detection of organized crimes? | |||||
| What is the existence of sanctions and their impact on buying and equipping a biometric laboratory? | |||||
| How much is the provision of organizational resources in the use of new biometric methods? | |||||
| How effective is the absence of experts in the field of new biometric methods? | |||||
| How prepared are the human resources of the organization to use the new biometric methods correctly? | |||||
| Is the absence of feeling the need to train specialists in the field of new biometric methods evident? | |||||
| How successful do you think the use of new biometric methods will be in Police Headquarters? | |||||
| How much has been achieved in the provision expert human resources in the use of new biometric methods in the organization? | |||||
| Does the frequent transfer of specialists affect the lack of motivation of these people? | |||||
| Does the lack of proper motivation of people in using new biometric methods affect the learning of these methods? | |||||
| Does not employing experts in the field of new biometric methods cause the failure of using this method? | |||||
| Does the absence of a long-term strategic plan in the field of new biometric methods harm the use of this method? |
Table 2) Reliability table of measurement tools
| Variable | Cronbach's alpha coefficients | composite reliability | Maximum squared common variance | The square of the common variance |
| Challenges of providing organizational financial resources | 0.717 | 0.887 | 0.522 | 0.271 |
| The challenges of providing expert human resources | 0.791 | 0.825 | 0.302 | 0.298 |
| Challenges of training human resources | 0.755 | 0.843 | 0.246 | 0.192 |
| Using biometric evidence | 0.951 | 0.779 | 0.286 | 0.204 |
Table 3) Correlation matrix of variables
| Variable | AVE | Challenges of providing organizational financial resources | The challenges of providing expert human resources |
Challenges of training human resources |
Using biometric evidence | |
| Challenges of providing organizational financial resources | 0.663 | 0.814 | 0.814 | - | - | - |
| The challenges of providing expert human resources |
0.591 | 0.768 | 0.683 | 0.701 | - | - |
| Challenges of training human resources |
0.584 | 0.764 | 0.706 | 0.624 | 0.764 | - |
| Using biometric evidence | 0.535 | 0.731 | 0.683 | 0.565 | 0.668 | 0.796 |
Figure 1) The relation between the challenges of providing organizational financial resources and expert
human resources and their training with the use of biometric evidence and the use of the parameter of standard coefficients.
Figure 2) The relationship between the challenges of providing organizational financial resources, providing expert
human resources and training human resources with the use of biometric evidence using the parameter of significance.
Table 4) One-sample mean t test of research variables
| Variable | Mean | standard deviation | t | Confidence Interval |
Significance level | average interval | |
| lower limit | upper limit | ||||||
| Challenges of providing organizational financial resources | 3.616 | 0.718 | 8.270 | 0.468 | 0.764 | p<0.001 | 2.532-3.764 |
| The challenges of providing expert human resources | 3.272 | 0.507 | 5.175 | 0.167 | 0.377 | p<0.001 | 2.833-3.377 |
| Challenges of training human resources | 3.437 | 0.606 | 6.967 | 0.313 | 0.562 | p<0.001 | 2.687-3.526 |
| Using biometric evidence | 3.505 | 0.593 | 8.216 | 0.383 | 0.627 | p<0.001 | 2.617-3.627 |
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