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Recombinant protein production is a fundamental aspect of biotech industry in 21st century in . Harnessing the natural protein expression powers of prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic hosts, enabled the development of a multi-billion dollar industries. Recombinant proteins have gained enormous importance for clinical applications. Most of therapeutic recombinant proteins are produced in mammalian cells although, Escherichia coli has been the most widely used host for the production of recombinant proteins. Various yeast expression systems have been successfully used over the years for production of recombinant proteins. Good characteristics of yeast, combined with revolutionary advances in systems and synthetic biology, micro-array technology and the rapidly evolving databases on the Web, have made a prominent place for yeast within the range of expression systems. The demand for recombinant therapeutic proteins is significantly increasing and there is a constant need to improve the existing expression systems, and also developing novel systems to face the therapeutic proteins demands. Cell-free expression system for production of recombinant proteins has also introduced which has many advantages over production of recombinant proteins in cell systems. Rapid growing and developing market of recombinant therapeutics and industrial enzymes have doubled the necessity of developing and optimizing industrial strains and biological process. Using systems biology and applying engineering principles for optimization and development of biological systems are effective strategies, that using them in the development of recombinant protein production processes is increasing rapidly.

Keywords: recombinant protein, e. coli, yeast, mammalian cell, systems biology

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