Journal of Police Medicine

fa راهکارهای اجرایی کردن قانون بستن کلاه ایمنی: یک تحلیل محتوا Solutions to Implement Wearing Helmet Legislation: A Content Analysis طب ترافیک Traffic Medicine پژوهشی اصيل Original Research <div style="text-align: justify;">اهداف: میزان جدیت حوزه‌های نظارتی در برخورد با کسانی که از قانون بستن کلاه ایمنی تبعیت نمی‌کنند، پایین است. هدف از این مطالعه، تبیین راهکارهای پیشنهادشده حل مشکل اجرایی کردن قانون بستن کلاه ایمنی از دید حوزه‌های نظارتی و موتورسواران بود. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه کیفی از نوع تحلیل محتوای قراردادی، در سال 1400 در شهر رشت انجام شد. ابزار جمع‌آوری تجارب، سؤالات باز و مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته بود. به ‌منظور شناسایی مشارکت‌کنندگان از حوزه‌های نظارتی، از روش بارش افکار و منحنی‌های تیغ ماهی استفاده شد. انتخاب بقیه مشارکت‌کنندگان با روش گلوله برفی بود. انتخاب نمونه‌ها با رعایت اصل حداکثر تنوع برای دستیابی به طیف متنوعی از تجارب صورت گرفت. نمونه‌گیری تا اشباع اطلاعات، یعنی عدم تشکیل طبقات و زیر طبقات و اطلاعات جدید ادامه یافت. تحلیل کیفی داده‌ها، با استفاده از سه مرحله تحلیل محتوای گرانهام و لاندمن (2004) شامل آمادگی، سازمان‌دهی و گزارش نتایج انجام شد. از چهار معیار مقبولیت گوبا و لینکن برای استحکام بخشیدن به نتایج بخش کیفی استفاده شد یافته‌ها: تجارب تعداد 20 مشارکت‌کننده مرد؛ 9 نفر از حوزه‌های نظارتی، 4 نفراز اعضای هیئت‌علمی دانشگاه، 3 نفر پلیس راه / راهنمایی و 4 نفر موتورسوار بودند، ثبت شد. نتایج نشان داد که راهکارهای اجرایی کردن قانون بستن کلاه ایمنی از چهار طبقه با اسامی؛ راهکارهای سخت، راهکارهای اصلاحی، راهکارهای پشتیبانی و راهکارهای نرم، به علاوه 14 زیر طبقه و 54 کد تشکیل شد. نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از راهکارهای سخت همچون اهتمام و جدیت حوزه‌های نظارتی در اجرای قانون بستن کلاه ایمنی و راهکارهای اصلاحی نظیر تدوین قانون‌های جدید و اصلاح قوانین موجود، راهکارهای پشتیبانی همچون حمایت از پلیس و موتورسوار در پایان راهکارهای نرمی همچون آموزش و فرهنگ‌سازی و استفاده از رسانه‌های ارتباط‌ جمعی در اجرایی نمودن این قوانین، مؤثرند.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">INTRODUCTION Due to the unsafe design of this type of vehicle, motorcyclists die approximately 28 times more often than car occupants [1]. The increasing trend of motorcycle accidents has been emphasized in several studies [1-3]. A significant number of motorcyclists do not follow traffic rules. Wearing a helmet is one of the most important rules [4]. Enforcing wearing helmet legislation has increased helmet use [5] and prevented serious motorcyclist injuries [6]. After canceling the mandatory wearing of helmets in some countries, the death rate of these users has increased by 25-28% [7, 8]. It has been reported that the use of helmets in Iran among motorcyclists is about 30% and that of passengers is 10% which indicates the low use of helmets [9]. The use of standard helmets has significantly prevented the fractures of the middle face of Iranians [10]. Of course, the lack of seriousness of the police and regulatory bodies aggravates the disobedience of this group [11]. Few studies have shown that the police avoid fining these motorcyclists due to reasons such as lack of motivation and work pressure, and recommend solutions such as increasing the number of cameras in cities, automatic identification of motorcycles, helmets, and license plates [12]. AIM(s) The purpose of this study was to explain the proposed solutions to solve the problem of implementing wearing helmet legislation from the perspective of regulatory bodies and motorcyclists. RESEARCH TYPE This qualitative study is of the contractual content analysis type. RESEARCH SOCIETY, PLACE & TIME This study was conducted by the method of Graham and Lundman (2004) [13] in Rasht, Iran in 2021. The participants were from Gilan, Iran, and had at least one year of work experience with motorcycle or at least three years of motorcycle riding experience. SAMPLING METHOD & NUMBER To identify the employees of the regulatory bodies, the method of brainstorming and fishbone diagrams were used. The rest of the participants were selected by snowball method. The selection of the samples was done by the principle of maximum diversity and the participants were selected from different ages, sex, education, job, and work experience categories to provide a diverse range of experiences. Sampling continued until information saturation, i.e. no formation of classes and sub-classes and new information. METHOD  The interviews were conducted by an interviewer experienced in qualitative research. The time and place of the interview were chosen by the participants. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with an interview guide. To facilitate communication, it first started with demographic questions, then the main question titled "What are the effective ways to enforce wearing helmet legislation among motorcyclists?" was raised and then participants were asked about their experiences of the solutions, ways of better implementation of wearing helmet legislation, and probing questions to clarify more details. The duration of the interview was between 45 and 60 minutes, and a second interview was conducted with three people to clarify ambiguous points. ETHICAL PERMISSION This study was conducted after obtaining the code of ethics from the Research Vice-Chancellor of Gilan, IranUniversity of Medical Sciences (IR.GUMS.REC.1398.517). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The process of data analysis was based on the method of Graham and colleagues in 2004, according to which these steps were carried out: implementing the interviews after reviewing them several times to find a correct understanding, extracting meaningful units, classifying compact units, and choosing a suitable label for them, sorting sub-categories, and choosing a suitable title that can cover the resulting categories [13]. Guba and Lincoln's four evaluative criteria were also used to strengthen the results of the qualitative part [14]. FINDING by TEXT Saturation was achieved in the sample of 17, but the sampling was completed with 20 participants. There were 9 participants from regulatory bodies, 4 university faculty members, 3 traffic policemen, and 4 motorcyclists. All of them were male and the rest of their demographic characteristics are given in the table (Table 1). Solutions for implementing the wearing helmet legislation in four categories named; hard, correction, support, and soft solutions were revealed in 14 subclasses and 55 codes as described in Table 2. MAIN COMPARISION to the SIMILAR STUDIES The results of this study were included in four categories: the use of hard, corrective, support, and soft solutions. The first category was hard solutions. The participants believed that fines, strictures, and determination to enforce them by the regulatory authorities have a great impact on the enforcement of the helmet legislation. In a similar study, helmet use by motorcyclists was significantly associated with police stations at intersections, and motorcyclists who crossed police-monitored intersections were more likely to wear helmets [15]. Even those participants who believed in the effectiveness of education, mentioned education first and then strictness next to it. This can be done by various methods, including the adoption of new laws, and strict enforcement of the law with higher fines [16]. Therefore, wearing helmet legislation for motorcyclists can be enforced by using emphatic strategies [15, 17]. The second class extracted was corrective solutions. Similarly, some studies have recommended the adoption of new laws for motorcyclists and the modification of previous laws [16, 18], and broader legislation is recommended in addition to changing existing laws to improve helmet use [19]. There is a need to reform driver's license processes, because having a driver's license is the most important factor that affects the driver's attitude and makes them comply with the rules of wearing a helmet [20]. Therefore, like a study in Nepal, the evidence shows that it is necessary to reform, organize and redefine motorcycling laws in Iran [17]. The solutions of the next level were law enforcement and motorcyclist support. These results reveal that the problems of law enforcement, including not having enough employees, high volume of work, and low living conditions should be considered. The need to support the police by people and organizations has been emphasized before [21]. There is ample evidence that helmet laws are effective in increasing helmet use and reducing injuries [22, 23]. In a previous study, the experiences of medical workers in Bandar Abbas, Iran, showed that in the implementation of wearing helmet legislation, the individual, social, family, economic and cultural factors of the motorcyclist should be taken into account [24]. Therefore, by eliminating the deficiencies in the human and financial resources of the regulatory bodies and the proper management of existing resources, some of the problems of the traffic police and driving can be solved and death and serious injuries to motorcyclists can be prevented. Increasing the number of cameras in cities that increase the ability to identify motorcyclists without helmets is also recommended. This task is done using vehicle identification, helmet identification, and automatic license plate recognition [12]. Finally, soft solutions were the fourth category. A study in Iran has shown that motorcyclists who do not have driver's license used drugs significantly more and had personality disorders and depression [25]. In a study in Malaysia, a significant percentage of motorcyclists did not wear helmets properly, and most of the child passengers did not wear helmets. Therefore, despite the legal approval of wearing a helmet for motorcyclists and passengers, there is a lack of public awareness of the safety and benefits of using a helmet and a lack of adequate and appropriate implementation [2]. In this regard, the importance of education along with the application of the law, which is one of the results of this class, becomes clear. According to the previous emphasis, a driver must have a certified skill license, and the knowledge of the motorcyclist and the severity of the law are introduced as the two main influencing factors [26]. In a grounded theory study reported in Kerman, Iran, policies and intervention programs to control injuries and promote safety among motorcyclists should focus on socio-cultural barriers to helmet use in general and changing motorcyclists' attitudes toward mortality in particular [27 ]. LIMITATIONS One of the limitations of the present study is the limitations related to qualitative studies, which quantitative data such as the frequency of experiences cannot be obtained and presented. SUGGESTIONS It is suggested to extract the experiences of the heads and elders of the country's traffic in this matter through interviews for further studies. CONCLUSIONS There are four categories of solutions for implementing wearing helmet legislation from the point of view of policymakers, police, and motorcyclists. The use of hard solutions such as the diligence and seriousness of the regulatory bodies in implementing the law on wearing helmets and corrective solutions such as drafting new laws and amending existing laws, support solutions such as supporting the police and motorcyclists, and finally, soft solutions such as education and culturalizing and the use of mass media are effective in implementing these laws. CLINICAL & PRACTICAL TIPS in POLICE MEDICINE The police and employees who are responsible for enforcing the wearing helmet legislation on motorcyclists should try to use all kinds of legal solutions. However, besides these golden solutions, the use of gentle and soft solutions such as education and culturalizing should be considered. In this regard, the duties of policymakers are to formulate new laws and amend existing laws, to support the police and motorcyclists. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Gilan University of Medical Sciences, which provided the financial costs of this research project. We are also grateful to all participants in this research, including motorcyclists and regulatory bodies. CONFLICT of INTEREST The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study. FUNDING SOURCES This article was completed with the financial support of Gilan University of Medical Sciences. </div> <div style="text-align: center;">Table 1) Demographic characteristics of the participants</div> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:563px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="563"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 19px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Number</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Age</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Responsibility</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">work experience</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 85px; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Number</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 79px; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Age</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Responsibility</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">work experience</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 19px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">39</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">cyclist</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">16</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 85px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">11</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 79px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">45</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Members of the traffic accidents working group</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">16</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 19px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">2</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">50</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Members of the traffic accidents working group</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">25</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 85px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">12</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 79px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">49</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Police</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">28</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 19px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">3</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">35</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">cyclist</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">13</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 85px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">13</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 79px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">40</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Members of the traffic accidents working group</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 19px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">4</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">32</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">cyclist</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">6</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 85px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">14</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 79px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">41</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">cyclist</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">18</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 19px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">5</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">49</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Police</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">30</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 85px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">15</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 79px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">42</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Members of the traffic accidents working group</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">20</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 19px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">6</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">52</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Members of the traffic accidents working group</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">20</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 85px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">16</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 79px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">43</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Academic Board</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 19px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">7</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">38</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Members of the traffic accidents working group</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">10</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 85px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">17</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 79px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">50</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Academic Board</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">25</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 19px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">8</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">36</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Academic Board</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">4</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 85px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">18</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 79px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">68</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Supporters of Gilan Road Safety</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 19px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">9</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">49</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Police</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">30</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 85px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">19</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 79px; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">53</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Academic Board</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">29</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 19px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">10</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">44</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">traffic police training</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">19</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 85px; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">20</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 79px; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">42</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 92px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Members of the traffic accidents working group</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 71px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">16</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="text-align: center;"> Table 2) Solutions to implement wearing helmet law</div> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 132px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">floors</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">under the floors</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Codes</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 132px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1- Hard solutions</td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">A- Emphasis on fines</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Fine is the only option</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Fine is a good method</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Increasing the number of fines</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Extension of fines</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">B- Seriousness in applying the law</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">The need for serious determination by the police</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Playing the correct role in regulatory areas</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Strictness of the police</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">The police overseeing the implementation of the law</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">The strictness of the police in cities and villages</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Increasing police presence on dangerous roads</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="18" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 132px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">2- Corrective solutions</td> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">A- Improving processes related to certification</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">The strict application of certification</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">The necessity of passing the training process to get a certificate</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">The necessity of passing the training course before buying a motorcycle</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">The need to have a license when buying a motorcycle</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">B- Solving the challenge of identifying the motorcyclist</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Motorcycle identification and number plate</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Numbering of motorcycles with helmets</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Buying and selling through documents</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">C- Legalizing motorcycling</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Guaranteeing the enforcement of the law</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Making available the possibility of implementing a law</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Equal enforcement of the law for all</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Redefining motorcycle fines and violations</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Enforce all motorcycle laws</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Notification of traffic hours</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Redefining the application of the law after the incident</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">The necessity of accountability of all ministries</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">d- Organizing the methods of applying the law</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Do not use pressure</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Written notice for the first time</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Avoid punitive action</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 132px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">3- Support for law enforcement and motorcyclists</td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">A- Provision of sufficient staff</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Eliminate the lack of police license plates</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Eliminate the shortage of resident police</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Solving the severe shortage of soldiers</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">B- Provision of technical facilities</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Parking lot for transporting and the parking impounded motorcycles</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Production and import of safe motorcycles</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">C- Supporting law enforcement</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Providing financial incentives for police subsistence allowance</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Giving an incentive for a fine</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">D- Support the motorcyclist</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Enforcement of the rules without causing dissatisfaction to the motorcyclist</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Attention to the economic needs of motorcyclists</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Seeing the financial ability of the motorcyclist</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Not imposing the price of the helmet on the motorcyclist</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">E-Providing access conditions for motorcyclists</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Providing access systems</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Facilities for buying helmets</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Giving helmets</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 132px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">4- Soft solutions</td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">A-Using education along with law enforcement</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Education and then law enforcement</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Law enforcement guarantor training</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Teaching and applying the law together</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">B- Effectiveness of media, patterns and behaviors</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Advertising influence</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">The effect of movies and teasers</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">The effect of wearing police hats</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">The influence of parents, academics and educated people and the British</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 183px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">C- Cultivation</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Raising the culture of motorcyclists</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Cultivation replaces lack of power</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Cultivation along with law enforcement</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Need more time and work to accommodate</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Difficulty working with motorcyclists because of the type of culture</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 242px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">The necessity of commitment in motorcyclist</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="text-align: center;"> </div> اسباب محافظ سر,پلیس,حوادث,ترافیک,اجرای قانون, Head Protective Devices,Police,Accidents,Traffic,Law Enforcement, 1 13 http://jpmed.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1218-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Leila Kouchakinejad-Eramsadati لیلا کوچکی نژاد ارم ساداتی l.kouchakinejad@gmail.com 100319475328460012997 100319475328460012997 No Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran مرکز تحقیقات ترومای جاده‌ای، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گیلان، رشت، ایران Sofia Heydari Kamroodi سوفیا حیدری کمرودی soofia.heidari@gmail.com 100319475328460012998 100319475328460012998 No Department of Psychology, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران Enayatollah Homaie Rad عنایت اله همایی راد homaierad@gmail.com 100319475328460012999 100319475328460012999 No Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran مرکز تحقیقات عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گیلان، رشت، ایران Marieh Hosseinpour ماریه حسین پور marieh.hosseinpour@gmail.com 100319475328460013000 100319475328460013000 No Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran مرکز تحقیقات ترومای جاده‌ای، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گیلان، رشت، ایران Naema Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh نعیما خدادادی حسن‌کیاده n_khodadady@yahoo.com 100319475328460013001 100319475328460013001 Yes Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran مرکز تحقیقات علوم اعصاب، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گیلان، رشت، ایران