Journal of Police Medicine

fa نقش میانجی بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی در روابط بدرفتاری دورۀ کودکی و طرد همسال با نشانه‌های اختلال سلوک در نوجوانان The Mediating Role of Moral Apathy in the Relationship between Childhood Maltreatment and Peer Rejection with Conduct Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents روان‌شناسی انتظامی Police Related Psychology پژوهشی اصيل Original Research <div style="text-align: justify;">اهداف: مشکلات سلوک در دورهٔ کودکی و نوجوانی می‌تواند پیش‌زمینه‌ای برای بزهکاری و رفتارهای ضداجتماعی در بزرگسالی باشد. هدف مطالعه حاضر تعیین نقش میانجی بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی در روابط کودک‌آزاری و طرد همسال با نشانه‌های اختلال سلوک در دانش‌آموزان بود. مواد و روش‌ها: روش این مطالعه، توصیفی-همبستگی است. جامعهٔ آماری این پژوهش شامل تمامی دانش‌آموزان دوره‌های اول و دوم متوسطهٔ شهر ارومیه در سال تحصیلی ۱۴۰۰-۱۳۹۹ بود. ۲۲۰ نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی چندمرحله‌ای انتخاب و به نسخه خودگزارشی پرسش‌نامهٔ توانایی‌ها و مشکلات (آلفای کرونباخ ۰/۷۸)، مقیاس آسیب‌های دورهٔ کودکی (آلفای کرونباخ ۰/۸۳)، مقیاس طرد اجتماعی همسال (آلفای کرونباخ ۰/۹۵) و مقیاس بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی (آلفای کرونباخ ۰/۹۱) پاسخ دادند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از مدل‌یابی معادله ساختاری در قالب نرم‌افزار SmartPLS ۳ استفاده شد.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">یافته‌ها: ۲۲۰ نفر با میانگین سنی ۱۶/۱۵ سال و انحراف معیار ۱/۵۴ در این پژوهش شرکت داشتند. نتایج مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که ضرایب مسیر مستقیم بدرفتاری دورهٔ کودکی (۰/۰۰۱p<؛۰/۳۸β=) و بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی (۰/۰۰۱p< ؛ ۰/۴۰β=) به نشانه‌های اختلال سلوک معنادار بود. همچنین ضرایب مسیر مستقیم بدرفتاری کودکی (۰/۰۰۱p< ؛ ۰/۴۲β=)و طرد همسال (۰/۰۱p< ؛ ۰/۳۲β=) بر بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی معنا‌دار بود. علاوه بر این، بدرفتاری دورهٔ کودکی و طرد همسال با میانجی‌گری بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی، اثر غیرمستقیمی بر نشانه‌های اختلال سلوک داشت.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">نتیجه‌گیری: این نتایج نشان می‌دهد که علاوه بر اثر مستقیم بدرفتاری دورهٔ کودکی بر نشانه‌های اختلال سلوک، بی‌اشتیاقی اخلاقی به عنوان میانجی، اثرات بدرفتاری کودکی و طرد اجتماعی از طرف همسال بر نشانه‌های سلوک عمل می‌کند. نتایج این مطالعه می‌تواند در طراحی برنامه‌های پیشگیرانه و مداخلهٔ زودهنگام در اختلال سلوک مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">INTRODUCTION ... [1]. Individuals with conduct disorder exhibit a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or age-appropriate social norms and regulations are violated [2]. Conduct disorder usually appears in childhood or adolescence and affects between 2 and 10% of the general population and an average of 4% of people [2]. Significantly, both factors of childhood maltreatment and childhood conduct disorder increase the risk of recidivism. ... [3]. Childhood maltreatment is also considered a clear risk for violence against parents among adolescents [4, 5] and adults [6]. ... [7]. Children and adolescents with conduct disorder have more verbal and physical aggression and poor social skills compared to their peers, as a result, most of them are rejected by their peers [8]. ... [9, 10]. One-third of children and adolescents in school report social rejection by their peers [11]. Dodge et al. [12] have shown that peer rejection in middle childhood predicts current and future antisocial behavior. Longitudinal studies show that socially deprived children are at high risk of social maladjustment and maladaptive thinking patterns in adulthood [10, 13]. Massing-Schaffer et al. [14] and Cheek et al. [15] have also shown in a study aimed at investigating the relationship between social rejection and suicidal ideation that there is a relationship between acute cases of social rejection and suicidal ideation. ... [16]. People with conduct disorder usually engage in unethical behavior using moral apathy, without feeling guilt or self-blame. Loss aversion includes a series of cognitive mechanisms (such as moral justification, thoughtful labeling, dehumanization, and shame attributions) that allow people to engage in unethical behavior and avoid its negative consequences on their self-esteem. Previous studies show that adolescents who resort to moral apathy to a large extent engage in more aggressive behaviors [17]. ... [18, 19]. Also, moral apathy is related to peer rejection in school [20]. ... [21-23]. AIM(s) The present study was conducted to determine the mediating role of moral apathy in the relationship between child abuse and peer rejection with conduct disorder symptoms in adolescents. RESEARCH TYPE The method of this research is descriptive-correlation of structural equation modeling type. RESEARCH SOCIETY, PLACE & TIME The statistical population of this research was all the students of the first and second grades of high school who were studying in Urmia, Iran in the academic year of 2020-2021. SAMPLING METHOD & NUMBER Considering that in modeling studies, the minimum sample size is 10-40 people for each observed variable [24], in this study 15 samples were considered for each observed variable. Therefore, the sample size was selected according to the presence of 14 observed variables, and taking into account the attrition of subjects, 220 people were selected by the multi-stage sampling method. USED DEVICES & MATERIALS To collect data, the self-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) [25, 26], the Childhood Injuries Questionnaire [27, 28], the peer social rejection scale [10], and the moral apathy scale [29, 30] were used. METHODS After receiving permission from Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Department of Education of West Azerbaijan Province in Iran was approached and one district was randomly selected from the two education districts of Urmia, Iran. Then, the selected district was referred and a list of all girls' and boys' schools for the first and second grades of high school was obtained. In the next step, one girls' and one boys' school from each grade (four schools), and after referring to the selected schools from each of the three grades, one class was selected and the link of the research questionnaires was sent to them through the Shad application for answering. ETHICAL PERMISSION This research was approved by the ethics committee of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences with the code of ethics IR.ARUMS.REC.1400.088. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and to test hypotheses structural equation modeling was used through SmartPLS 3 software. FINDING by TEXT In this research, 220 students from the first and second grades of high school in the age range of 12-19 years old with an average age of 16.15±1.54 years participated. The frequency of subjects based on demographic variables is shown in Table 1. According to Table 2, the values of skewness and kurtosis of some variables were not in the range of -2 to +2, therefore, the data did not have a normal distribution, and PLS software was used to perform structural equations for abnormal data. The obtained results showed that all values of Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability of the research constructs were more than 0.7. Also, the value of AVE for the constructs was more than 0.5, which indicated the convergent validity and reliability of the research model. The results of the divergent validity of the variables showed that the average square root of the variance extracted for each of the constructs was higher compared to the correlation of that construct with other constructs; therefore, it can be said that in the research model, the existing variables interacted more with the items related to themselves than with other structures. In other words, the model had good validity. Also, the value of R square for the structure of moral apathy was 0.34 and the structure of symptoms of conduct disorder was 0.56, which indicated a suitable value. The Q2 values showed that the endogenous variables of both constructs had a good predictive ability with their respective constructs. The effect size values in Table 3 indicated the appropriate effect size for the constructs of peer rejection, childhood maltreatment, and moral apathy, and the greatest effect was related to moral apathy on symptoms of conduct disorder. According to charts 1 and 2 and table 4, the results of the bootstrap significance test for the significance test of the path coefficients showed that the direct path coefficients of childhood maltreatment (p<0.001; β=0.38) and moral apathy (p<0.001; 40 (β=0) were significant to the symptoms of conduct disorder. Also, the direct path coefficients of childhood maltreatment (p<0.001; β=0.42) and peer rejection (p<0.01; β=0.23) on moral apathy were significant. In addition, childhood maltreatment (p<0.01; β=0.10) and peer rejection (p<0.01; β=0.06) had an indirect effect on conduct disorder symptoms through the mediation of moral apathy. MAIN COMPARISION to the SIMILAR STUDIES The results of this study showed that childhood maltreatment had a direct effect on the symptoms of conduct disorder.  These results are consistent with the results of the study by Desanctisa et al. [3] who showed that moderate to severe childhood maltreatment increases the risk of childhood conduct disorder, and both factors of childhood maltreatment and conduct disorder significantly increases the risk of recidivism. Hoeve et al. [4], Wang et al. [5], and Richey et al. [6] have also shown that childhood maltreatment is a clear risk factor for committing violence against parents and adults. Schwartz et al. [7] have also stated that exposure to adverse childhood experiences is associated with alcohol use problems and high levels of antisocial behavior. ... [31]. The obtained results showed that the direct path of peer rejection to conduct disorder symptoms was not significant. These results are inconsistent with the results of Dodge et al. [12] who showed that peer rejection in middle childhood predicts current and future antisocial behavior. These results are also inconsistent with the results of Massing-Schaffer et al. [14] and Cheek et al. [15], which revealed the association between social exclusion and negative psychological outcomes. The lack of a direct relationship between peer rejection and behavior disorder symptoms in this study can be related to the collection of data in this study during the Corona epidemic period, in which due to compliance with social distancing guidelines, students had less contact with their peers, in this way, they were less likely to be rejected by their peers. On the other hand, the important affecting factor of social exclusion on behavioral abnormalities is the level of emotional arousal, and this level of arousal is also dependent on the degree of intimacy with the rejecter's peer and their social status. Therefore, in addition to experiencing less social rejection in Corona conditions, the subjects of the present study may have lacked deep intimacy with their peers and experienced less emotional arousal in the event of rejection, and this factor may have reduced the negative consequences of rejection. According to the results of this study, moral apathy had a direct effect on the symptoms of conduct disorder. These results are in line with the results of Shulman et al. [21] and Espejo-Siles et al. [22] who showed that moral apathy is an important predictor of aggressive behavior and violence towards peers in children and adolescents. Also, the results of this study showed that childhood maltreatment has an indirect effect on conduct disorder symptoms due to moral apathy. These results are consistent with the results of Wang et al. [5] and Fang et al. [19]. Also, peer rejection through moral apathy had an indirect effect on conduct disorder symptoms. These results are in line with the results of Gini et al. [17] and Muratori et al. [18] who have shown that in adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders, more tendencies of moral apathy are related to high levels of inclemency traits. Fontaine et al. [33] have also shown that adolescents who experience high social rejection from their peers resort to moral apathy processes more than other adolescents. In the explanation of this hypothesis, it can be said that the person's concern about social life or the person's previous memories of rejection may reduce their attention on the self-regulation of their disorder and lead them to maladaptive coping strategies such as the use of moral apathy mechanisms and have an indirect effect on conduct disorder problems. LIMITATIONS This study had several limitations. First, the measurement of childhood maltreatment in this study was only based on the subjects' self-report. Although many studies confirm the reliability and validity of the childhood injury questionnaire, any self-report instrument is vulnerable to many biases such as social desirability, the person's mood at the time of reporting, and the person's memory. The lack of use of clinical samples with conduct disorder was another limitation of the present study. SUGGESTIONS It is suggested that in future studies, other tools such as observation and interview be used to measure the variables, and to increase the generalizability of the results to those suffering from conduct disorder, clinical samples with this disorder be used. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that in addition to the direct effect of childhood maltreatment on conduct disorder symptoms, moral apathy acts as a mediator of the effects of childhood maltreatment and peer social rejection on conduct symptoms. CLINICAL & PRACTICAL TIPS in POLICE MEDICINE Considering the greater involvement of those with conduct disorder with the law and their high vulnerability for antisocial behavior in the present and future, the results of this study can be used in the design of preventive programs and early intervention in conduct disorder. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors of the article express their gratitude to the management of the Education Department of West Azerbaijan province in Iran and all school principals and students participating in this research. CONFLICT of INTEREST The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study. FUNDING SOURCES This research is a part of the findings of the Ph.D. thesis of the first author of this article, which was implemented with the financial support of the Research Vice-Chancellor of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. </div> <div style="text-align: center;">Table 1) Multiple numbers and percentages based on demographic information</div> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 293px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Variable</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Number</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Percentage</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 133px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Gender</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">Boy</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">115</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">52.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Girl</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">105</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">47.7</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 133px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">birth rank</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">First</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">143</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">65</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">Second</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">37</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">16.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">Third</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">21</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">9.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">higher</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">19</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">8.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 133px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Family income</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">Less than 2 million tomans</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">21</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">9.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">Between 2 and 5 million tomans</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">64</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">29.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">Between 5 and 10 million tomans</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">89</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">40.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Above 10 million tomans</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">46</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">20.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 133px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Grade</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">seventh</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">13</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">5.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">Eighth</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">21</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">9.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">ninth</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">34</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">15.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">the tenth</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">74</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">33.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">Eleventh</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">29</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">13.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">twelfth</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">49</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">22.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 133px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Father's job</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">Governmental positions</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">145</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">56.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 4px; text-align: center;">Self-employment</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 4px; text-align: center;">46</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 4px; text-align: center;">20.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">unemployed</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">15</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">8.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Retired</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">14</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">6.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 133px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">mother's job</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">Governmental positions</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">9</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">4.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">Self-employment</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">11</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">Housewife</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">196</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">89.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Retired</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">4</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 133px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Father's education</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">Diploma and less</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">46</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">20.91</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">Masters</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">97</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">44.09</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Masters and higher</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">77</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">35</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 133px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">mother's education</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">Diploma and less</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">117</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">53.18</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">Masters</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">53</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">24.09</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 159px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Masters and higher</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 112px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">50</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 197px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">22.73</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="text-align: center;"> Table 2) The average scores of the subjects in the symptoms of  conduct disorder, childhood maltreatment, peer rejection, and moral apathy </div> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 156px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Variables</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Mean</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Standard deviation</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">skewness</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">kurtosis</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 156px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Signs of behavior</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">2.62</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1.41</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1.26</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1.90</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 74px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Child maltreatment</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">Child maltreatment (total score)</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">28.62</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">6.81</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">0.46</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">2.14</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">Physical tolerance</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">7.77</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">2.19</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">-1.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">1.28</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">Emotional maltreatment</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">2.27</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">2.57</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">-0.83</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">0.98</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">Physical maltreatment</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">7.75</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">2.16</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">1.48</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">2.13</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">sexual maltreatment</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">2.95</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">2.44</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">0.19</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">-0.36</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">Emotional forgiveness</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">5.35</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">2.09</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">1.13</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">1.31</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Denial</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.504</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1.10</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1.10</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">4.74</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 74px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">peer rejection</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">peer rejection (total score)</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">31.91</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">12.41</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">1.83</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">3.13</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">insult</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">7.64</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">3.92</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">1.92</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">3.21</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">ignore</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">13.10</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">4.75</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">1.84</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">3.70</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">Slander and accusation</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">5.33</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">2.34</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">2.48</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">6.77</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Physical attacks</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">5.83</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">2.86</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1.81</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">2.74</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 74px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 13px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Moral apathy</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 13px; text-align: center;">Moral apathy (total score)</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 13px; text-align: center;">33.64</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 13px; text-align: center;">14.83</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 13px; text-align: center;">0.46</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 13px; text-align: center;">0.18</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">Moral justification</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">9.29</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">2.83</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">0.10</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">-0.41</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">Smart labeling</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">8.45</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">3.48</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">0.52</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">0.69</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">Useful comparison</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">5.82</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">2.34</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">1.86</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">5.78</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">Shifting responsibility</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">10.15</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">3.78</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">0.12</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">-0.70</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">Distribution of responsibility</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">4.94</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">1.54</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">1.92</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">3.86</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">Distortion of results</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">9.89</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">3.10</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">0.45</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">0.48</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">documents of shame</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">9.61</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">3.78</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">0.51</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">-0.19</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 82px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Dehumanize</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 104px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">6.15</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 116px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">2.42</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 113px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1.45</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 111px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">2.56</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="text-align: center;"> Table 3) The values of the effect size index (f2) of the predictor  variables on the variable of conduct symptoms and moral apathy</div> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 22px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Indicator</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 22px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Conduct Symptoms</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 22px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Moral apathy</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">child abuse</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.18</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.17</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">peer rejection</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.02</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.05</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Moral apathy</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.24</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="text-align: center;"> Table 4) Direct and indirect effects of childhood maltreatment and peer rejection on conduct disorder indicators: the mediating role of moral apathy</div> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">predictor variables</td> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 164px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Moral apathy</td> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 163px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Conduct Symptoms</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Direct effect</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 60px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Indirect effect</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 51px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">total</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 56px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Direct effect</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 61px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Indirect effect</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 46px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Total</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">Child maltreatment</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">0.42**</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 60px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 51px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">0.42**</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 56px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">0.38**</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 61px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">0.10*</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 46px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 18px; text-align: center;">0.48**</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; text-align: center;">peer rejection</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; text-align: center;">0.23*</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 60px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 51px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; text-align: center;">0.23*</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 56px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; text-align: center;">0.10</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 61px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; text-align: center;">0.06*</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; width: 46px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; text-align: center;">0.16*</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Moral apathy</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 54px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 60px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 51px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 56px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.40**</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 61px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; width: 46px; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 17px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.40**</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="text-align: center;">**Significance at the level of p<0.001; * Significance at the level of p<0.01 <img alt="" src="./files/site1/images/image-20221022103530-1.png" style="width: 924px; height: 586px;" > Chart 1) Path coefficients of the measurement model <img alt="" src="./files/site1/images/image-20221022103530-2.png" style="width: 924px; height: 586px;" > Chart 2) T values of measurement model </div> اختلال سلوک,بی‌اشتیاقی,اخلاق,اختلالات رفتاری اخلال گرانه, Conduct,Apathy,Morality,Disruptive behavior disorder, 1 17 http://jpmed.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-645-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Fazeleh Heidari فاضله حیدری heidari_fazeleh@yahoo.com 100319475328460012993 100319475328460012993 No Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران Mohammad Narimani محمد نریمانی narimani@uma.ac.ir 100319475328460012994 100319475328460012994 No Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران Seifollah Aghajani سیف اله اقاجانی sf_aghajani@yahoo.com 100319475328460012995 100319475328460012995 No Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران Sajjad Basharpoor سجاد بشرپور basharpoor_sajjad@yahoo.com 100319475328460012996 100319475328460012996 Yes Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران