Journal of Police Medicine

fa ارتباط ساختاری هوش اخلاقی و خودکارآمدی با اعتیادپذیری دانشجویان The Structural Relationship of Moral Intelligence and Self-Efficacy with Students' Addiction اعتیاد و سوء مصرف مواد Addiction & Substance Abuse پژوهشی اصيل Original Research <div style="text-align: justify;">اهداف: مصرف مواد مخدر در دوره جوانی می‌تواند مانع تکالیف رشدی حیاتی شود. از آنجا که سطح خودکارآمدی افراد به شدت بر اهداف ایشان تأثیرگذار است؛ پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش ابعاد هوش اخلاقی و خودکارآمدی در تبیین اعتیادپذیری دانشجویان انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: جامعه آماری این پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی، تمامی دانشجویان دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان در سال تحصیلی 94-93 بود. برای این منظور 364 نفر از دانشجویان به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای انتخاب شدند. نمونه‌ها به وسیله پرسش‌نامه شناسایی افراد در معرض خطر اعتیاد، مقیاس خودکارآمدی عمومی و پرسش‌نامه هوش اخلاقی ارزیابی شدند. همسانی درونی برای سه پرسش‌نامه پژوهش با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ به ترتیب 0/80، 0/71 و 0/85 محاسبه شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از روش آماری همبستگی و تحلیل مسیر در قالب نرم‌افزار SPSS 25 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. مدل‌سازی نیز با استفاده از نرم‌‌افزار Lisrel 8.8 انجام شد. یافته‌ها: از بین دانشجویان شرکت‌کننده در پژوهش 170 نفر (46/70 درصد) دختر و 194 نفر (53/29 درصد) پسر بودند. در بین مؤلفه‌های اعتیادپذیری، افسردگی با میانگین 17/92±59/23، مؤلفه درستکاری از متغیر هوش اخلاقی با میانگین 11/78±56/63 و مؤلفه میل به آغازگری رفتار از متغیر خودکارآمدی با میانگین 5/61±24/66 بیشترین مقادیر را داشتند. با توجه به شاخص‌های الگو (77/02=X2؛ 2/33=X2/df؛ 0/96=GFI؛ 0/92=AGFI؛ 0/99=CFI؛ 0/06=RMSEA) مدل ارائه‌شده از برازش متوسطی برخوردار بود و انطباق مطلوبی بین مدل ساختاری‌شده با داده‌های تجربی فراهم شد. مدل‌های مسیر نشان دادند که خودکارآمدی (6/44-=t و 0/44-=g) و هوش اخلاقی (7/14-=t و 0/42-=g) با اعتیادپذیری رابطه‌ای معکوس داشتند. نتیجه‌گیری: خودکارآمدی و هوش اخلاقی توان پیش‌بینی آمادگی سوء‌مصرف مواد در دانشجویان را دارند. بر این اساس متخصصان می‌توانند از آموزش راهبردهای مقابله‌ای مؤثر به منظور ارتقاء خودکارآمدی و هوش اخلاقی برای پیشگیری از سوء مصرف مواد در جوانان استفاده نمایند.</div> INTRODUCTION ... [1-4]. Before a person starts using drugs, the ground and preparation are created, which is considered as a vulnerability to addiction [5]. Previous studies have identified several factors for substance abuse, including: adverse childhood experiences, insecure attachment patterns [6], personality traits, impulsiveness [2], age and gender [7], quality of life [8], and failure tolerance [9]. ... [10]. One of the structures that is closely related to addiction is self-efficacy. A person with high self-efficacy evaluates obstacles as less imposing, while a person with a low level of self-efficacy may consider even minor obstacles as insurmountable [11]. ... [12, 13]. One of the strongest factors in the tendency to avoid substance use and less need to use in high-risk situations is self-efficacy [2, 10, 14-19]. Another variable whose role in preventing addiction was examined in this study was moral intelligence which means to distinguish between right and wrong and the moral affairs of the world [20]. ... [21]. Studies have shown that there is a significant negative relationship between forgiveness and addiction as well as alcohol consumption [22]. Ethical beliefs also help to internalize the negative aspects of drugs and avoid alcohol and drugs [23]. AIM(S) This study aimed to investigate the relation between the variables of moral intelligence and self-efficacy with students' addiction through structural equation modeling and several factors in interaction with each other were analyzed. RESEARCH TYPE The present study is descriptive-correlational. RESEARCH SOCIETY, PLACE &TIME All students of the Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan were the statistical population of this study who were studying in the academic year of 2014-2015. 364 samples were selected by stratified random sampling method based on the Morgan table. USED DEVICES & MATERIALS For data collection, questionnaire to identify people at risk of addiction [24], general self-efficacy questionnaire [25, 26], and moral intelligence questionnaire [27, 28] were used. The internal consistency of the items for the whole questionnaire to identify people at risk of addiction through Cronbach's alpha was 0.80 and for the four areas of depression and feelings of helplessness, positive attitude towards drugs, anxiety, and fear of others, and high excitement, were obtained respectively 0.69, 0.78, 0.76 and 0.82. The total Cronbach's alpha of the general self-efficacy questionnaire was 0.71 and for the three areas of desire to initiate behavior, attempt to complete the task, and resistance to obstacles were 0.68, 0.77, and 0.86, respectively. The total Cronbach's alpha of moral intelligence questionnaire was 0.85 and for the four areas of honesty, responsibility, forgiveness, and compassion were 0.71, 0.76, 0.79, and 0.83, respectively. The total Cronbach's alpha of the general self-efficacy questionnaire was 0.71 and for the three areas of desire to initiate behavior, attempt to complete the task, and resistance to obstacles were 0.68, 0.77, and 0.86, respectively. Cronbach's total moral intelligence questionnaire was 0.85 and the four areas of honesty, responsibility, forgiveness, and compassion were respectively, 0.71, 0.76, 0.79, and 0.83. ETHICAL PERMISSION Participation in this study was completely optional and the researcher was committed to protecting the personal information of the participants. This study has been approved by Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University with the code 19361 / D / 214. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS To analyze the data, a path analysis test was used using SPSS 25 software and Lisrel 8.8. FINDING BY TEXT Descriptive findings showed that out of 364 participants in this study, 170 (46.70%) were girls and 194 (53.29%) were boys. The average age of participants was 23 to 33 years; 150 people (41.20%) were studying in the field of psychology, 120 people (32.96%) were studying in the field of educational sciences and 94 people (25.82%) were studying in other fields of humanities. Among the components of addiction, depression with an average of 59.23±17.92 had the highest value and also the component of the correctness of the moral intelligence variable with an average of 56.63±11.78, and the component of desire to initiate behavior from the variable of self-efficacy with an average of 24.66±5.61 ± had the highest value (Table 1). Also, there was a negative relation between the components of self-efficacy as well as moral intelligence and the components of interest and a positive relation between the components of self-efficacy and moral intelligence (Table 2). The results of the fit indices of the output model indicated the average fit of the model (Table 3). Path models briefly showed that self-efficacy (t=-6.44 and g=-0.44) and moral intelligence (t=-7.14 and g=-0.42) were inversely related to addiction (Figure 1). MAIN COMPARISION TO THE SIMILAR STUDIES In this study, as expected, self-efficacy was inversely and significantly related to addiction. Among the dimensions of self-efficacy, the desire to initiate behavior showed the highest correlation with the dimensions of addiction. This result is consistent with the results of Blonigen and Macia [2], Gullo et al. [4], Clyde et al. [14], Ehert, Ghaidarov, and Labrie [17], Rabbani Bavejdan et al. [29] and Chomsri [30]. According to the findings, high self-efficacy in stressful situations is more associated with adaptive coping strategies, such as problem-oriented coping. On the other hand, low self-efficacy is associated with low self-esteem, pessimistic thoughts about oneself, and the ability to function [31, 32]. The relationship between self-efficacy and addiction can also be explained based on Bandura's social learning theory. Bandura argues that those with low social coping skills or low self-efficacy tend to use substances as a coping mechanism [33]. Therefore, it can be said that people with low self-efficacy first use substances as a leeway to avoid problems and gradually become addicted to them. The results of the relation between moral intelligence and addiction also showed that moral intelligence can predict addiction. Among the dimensions of moral intelligence, honesty showed the highest correlation with addiction; therefore, honesty is one of the most important correlations of addiction. These results mean that people with high moral intelligence are less likely to be addicted to drugs. Due to the novelty of the concept of moral intelligence and the lack of research on this phenomenon, it was not possible to compare this finding with the results of other research. But the results of this finding are somewhat in line with the research of Sherer and Maddux [25], that the degree of self-forgiveness and the power of a person to say no can predict the consumption of alcohol, and also with the research of Thompson et al. [33] that forgiveness, predicts four components of psychological well-being (anger, anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction). Wongtongkam et al. [23] consider moral beliefs as protective factors in substance abuse, meaning that moral beliefs help internalize the negative aspects of drugs and avoid alcohol and drugs. LIMITATIONS This study naturally faced some limitations; the participants were students of the Shahid Madani State University of Azerbaijan and did not include other students, so the results of this study cannot be generalized to the entire student community of Azerbaijan province and other non-students. On the other hand, this study was conducted in the youth group and is limited in its generalizability to other age groups such as adolescents and middle-aged people. Another limitation of the research is related to data collection tools, which is a kind of self-report, and considering this issue, the validity of the subjects' answers can be questionable. SUGGESTION Mental health screening tests, especially to measure substance dependence and readiness for substance use tendency at the beginning of student entry to university and during the study are recommended. Planning for addiction prevention at university is also necessary, so it is recommended that planning be done to diagnose and treat students who are addicted or prone to addiction. Doing more research on substance use behavior and identifying protective factors can not only facilitate a better understanding of addiction but also provide a basis for predicting and preventing addiction. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study showed that there is a negative and inverse relationship between self-efficacy as well as moral intelligence components and addiction and there is a positive and direct relationship between self-efficacy and moral intelligence. CLINICAL & PRACTICAL TIPS IN POLICE MEDICINE The results of this study can be used to prevent students' addiction and reduce the desire of addicted students in police medical centers and other medical departments of the police headquarters. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All the students of the Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan and also the management and staff of this university are appreciated and thanked for their sincere cooperation. This article is extracted from the master's thesis entitled the preventive role of moral intelligence, self-efficacy, and resilience in students' addiction. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study. FUNDING SOURCES The present study had no financial support. TABLES & CHARTS <div style="text-align: center;">Table 1) Average scores of the studied indicators in the research (364 people)</div> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Variable</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Mean</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Standard  Deviation</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Depression</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">59.23</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">17.92</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">positive attitude towards substance use</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">27.59</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">11.56</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Anxiety</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">36.79</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">9.99</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Sensation Seeking</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">26.37</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">5.33</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Total addiction</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">150.0</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">38.45</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Honesty</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">56.63</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">11.78</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">responsibility</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">42.23</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">7.72</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Forgiveness</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">28.39</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">5.87</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Compassion</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">14.28</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">3.16</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Total moral intelligence</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">141.54</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">25.97</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Desire to start</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">24.66</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">5.61</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Trying to complete the task</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">23.8</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">3.93</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">Resistance to obstacles</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">10.37</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1.95</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Total self-efficacy</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">58.86</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">9.83</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="text-align: center;"> Table 2) Matrix of correlation coefficients between the components of moral intelligence, self-efficacy and addiction</div> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Variables</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">2</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">3</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">4</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">5</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">6</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">7</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">8</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">9</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">10</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">11</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">12</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">13</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">14</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1. Depression, and feelings of helplessness</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">2. positive attitude towards substance use</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.58</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">3. Anxiety and fear of others</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.84</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.53</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">4. High excitement</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.57</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.44</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.56</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">5. Addiction</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.94</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.77</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.89</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.68</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">6. Desire to initiate behavior</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.54</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.43</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.47</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.30</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.55</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">7. Trying to complete the task</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.36</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.28</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.25</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.16</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.34</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.60</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">8. Resistance to obstacles</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.51</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.35</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.43</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.25</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.49</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.53</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.41</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">9. Self-efficacy</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.56</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.43</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.46</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.29</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.55</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.92</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.83</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.67</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;"></td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">10. Correction</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.46</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.62</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.37</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.29</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.54</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.47</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.34</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.39</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.48</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;"></td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">11. Responsibility</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.32</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.45</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.26</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.22</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.39</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.38</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.26</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.32</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.39</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.80</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">12.Forgiveness</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.38</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.52</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.32</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.26</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.46</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.41</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.28</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.31</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.40</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.75</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.72</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">13. Compassion</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-.27</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.44</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.19</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.12</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-0.32</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.28</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.25</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.25</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.31</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.68</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.76</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">0.69</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">14. Moral intelligence</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-0.43</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-0.59</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-0.34</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-0.27</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-0.50</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.45</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.32</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.37</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.46</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.94</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.91</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.86</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.81</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="text-align: center;">**P<0/01,*P<0/05 Table 3) Fitness indices of the model presented in the research</div> <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Index</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">X2</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">df</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">X2/df</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">GFI</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">AGFI</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">CFI</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">RMSEA</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Standardized RMR</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Output model</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">77.02</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">2.33</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.96</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.92</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.99</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.06</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.04</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="text-align: center;"> <img alt="" src="./files/site1/images/image-20220625120820-1.png" style="width: 602px; height: 540px;" > Figure 1) The structural model between self-efficacy and moral intelligence with addiction</div>   اخلاق,هوش,خودکارآمدی,اعتیاد, Moral,Intelligence,Self-efficacy,Addiction, 1 12 http://jpmed.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1176-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Hassan Yaghoubi حسن یعقوبی Yaghoubi.hassan@yahoo.com 100319475328460012978 100319475328460012978 No Department of Psychology, Human Science Faculty, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران Behzad Shalchi بهزاد شالچی rostami.psychologist@gmail.com 100319475328460012979 100319475328460012979 No Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran گروه روان‌پزشکی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، مرکز تحقیقات روان‌پزشکی و علوم رفتاری، تبریز، ایران Sara Sheikhi سارا شیخی : SaraSheikhi62@gmail.com 100319475328460012980 100319475328460012980 Yes Department of Psychology, Human Science Faculty, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران