Journal of Police Medicine

fa رابطه تاب‌آوری، ویژگی‌های شخصیتی نابهنجار با خشم: آزمون نقش میانجی ادراک از آلودگی هوا The Relation between Resilience, Abnormal Personality Traits and Anger: Testing the Mediating Role of Air Pollution Perception روان‌شناسی انتظامی Police Related Psychology پژوهشی اصيل Original Research <div style="text-align: justify;">اهداف: بروز خشم با ایجاد مشکلاتی در کار، روابط بین فردی و کیفیت زندگی افراد همراه است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطه تاب‌آوری و ویژگی‌های شخصیتی نابهنجار با خشم با میانجی‌گری ادراک از آلودگی هوا انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی بود و روش آن همبستگی است. نمونه آماری این تحقیق ۲۵۰ نفر از دانشجویان یک دانشگاه نظامی سال ۹۹-۱۳۹۸ در شهر تهران بود که به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی خوشه‌ای گزینش شدند. ابزارهای مورد استفاده در این پژوهش، پرسش‌نامه‌های تاب‌آوری کانر-دیویدسون (۲۰۰۳) با ضریب آلفای کرونباخ و روایی همگرا ۹۳/۰ و ۰/۵۸؛ ابعاد شخصیت نابهنجار کروگر و همکاران (۲۰۱۲) با پایایی و روایی ۹۴/۰ و ۶۹/۰؛ خشم صفت-حالت اسپیلبرگر (۱۹۹۹) با پایایی و روایی ۰/۹۵ و ۵۵/۰ و همچنین پرسش‌نامه ادراک آلودگی هوا یزدان‌پرست و همکاران (۱۳۹۳) با پایایی و روایی ۰/۹۶ و ۰/۵۸ بود. داده‌ها با شاخص‌های آمار توصیفی، ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و مدل یابی معادله ساختاری با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS ۲۶ و نسخه ۳ نرم‌‌افزار اسمارت پی ال اس تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: از میان ۲۵۰ نمونه پژوهش بیشتر شرکت‌کنندگان در رده سنی ۲۵ تا ۳۵ سال (۴۴/۸%) بودند که اکثرشان مدرک تحصیلی کارشناسی ارشد داشتند (۵۵/۶%). ضریب اثر ویژگی شخصیتی نابهنجار بر ادراک از آلودگی هوا ۰/۳۲۴، ویژگی شخصیتی نابهنجار بر خشم ۰/۳۲۳، ادراک از آلودگی هوا بر خشم ۰/۲۶۶ و روابط بین متغیرها مثبت و معنادار و ضریب اثر تاب‌آوری بر ادراک از آلودگی هوا ۰/۲۲۲- و تاب‌آوری بر خشم ۰/۱۶۲- برآورد شد و رابطه این متغیرها منفی و معنادار بود. همچنین نقش میانجی ادراک از آلودگی هوا در رابطه بین ویژگی شخصیتی نابهنجار و خشم و رابطه بین تاب‌آوری و خشم تأیید شد (۰/۰۵>p). نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد با توجه به نقش میانجی ادراک از آلودگی در رابطه بین ویژگی‌های شخصیتی نابهنجار و تاب‌آوری باخشم، با نظارت و بهینه‌سازی کیفیت هوا، ویژگی‌های شخصیتی و ارتقای تاب‌آوری می‌توان بروز خشم در افراد را کاهش داد.</div>    <div style="text-align: justify;">Background Some researchers such as Deffenbacher divides anger into two categories of internal and external factors [1]. .... [2]. Previous Studies Some of the personality factors play an important role in facilitating anger [3]. .... [4-13]. Promoting resilience through instruction of emotional regulation help individuals, with positive emotions and feelings, overcome unpleasant experiences and negative emotions causes such as anger and return to a balanced state [14]. ... [15-19]. Aim(s) The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between resilience, abnormal personality traits and anger with the mediating role of perception of air pollution in students of a military university. Research Type The method of the present research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and in the group of non-experimental designs. Research Society, Place and Time The statistical population of this study was all students of a military university in Tehran in 2020-21. Sampling Method and Number A sample size of 250 people was obtained for this study [15]. Cluster random sampling method was used and statistical samples were selected from students in the fields of traffic operations, traffic engineering and educational planning management. Used Devices & Materials Data collection tools in this study were Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale, Abnormal Personality Dimensions Questionnaire, Spielberger's State- Trait of Anger Questionnaire and Air Pollution Perception Questionnaire. Ethical Permissions The research was conducted by observing the ethical principles and confidentiality of the questionnaires data and observing the rights of the participants to be able to leave the research at any time they wished. Finding by Text The highest frequency of 250 samples was related to the age group of 25 to 35 (44.8%; 112 people). 55.6% of the respondents (139 people) were master students and only 8.8% were PhD students (Table 1). The mean of abnormal personality traits scores in the sample of 250 people was 41.90 with a standard deviation of 14.75, the mean of resilience scores was 85.72 with a standard deviation of 15.15; The mean of perception of air pollution scores was 117.60 with a standard deviation of 18.64 and the mean of anger scores was 90.39 with a standard deviation of 25.47 (Table 2). Since the significance level of the normality test for the three main variables of abnormal personality traits, resilience and anger was less than the error level of 0.05 (p = 0.01), the data distribution of these variables was abnormal. Also, the significance level of perception of air pollution was equal to 0.20 and more than 0.05, which showed that the data distribution of this variable was normal. The extent and direction of the relation between the variables were determined before reaching the model analysis and structural equation modeling. Spearman correlation coefficient was used due to abnormal data distribution (Table 3). Based on the findings, the level of significance between pairwise relations of the variables were less than the error level of 0.05. Therefore, the assumption of relation between research variables were confirmed. After examining the type of data distribution and correlation between variables; conceptual model test was performed by PLS method. Considering the value of t and the standardized factor loadings between the questions and the variables were respectively calculated as more than 1.96 and 0.4, there was no need to delete or change the questionnaire questions (Table 4). Cronbach's alpha coefficient values of all research variables were obtained more than 0.7 and the suitability of reliability with this index was confirmed. Convergent validity was measured by average variance extracted (AVE) and the suitability of convergent validity with this index was confirmed (p <0.05). Divergent validity was also confirmed by Fornell and Larcker method. In the next step, the relationship between latent variables was determined. In order to rely with high reliability on the results of the model and the collected data, evaluation the criteria for examining path coefficients (beta) and its significance (t-value), examining the coefficient of determination index (R²) of endogenous latent variables and examining the predictive correlation index Q² were done. The calculated t-values in all relationships in the model were greater than 1.96 and were significant at the 95% level. Also, R² values for endogenous latent variables were 0.367. Therefore, abnormal personality traits and resilience together predicted 36.7% of the variance (changes) in perception of air pollution. Also, the variables of perception of air pollution, abnormal personality traits and resilience predicted 61.4% of the variance (changes) of anger. Meanwhile, Q² values for model endogenous variables (perception of air pollution) and anger were respectively 0.113 and 0.178, which were considered positive and calculated at an acceptable level (Figure 1). According to the findings (Communalities = 0.423; R² = 0.596) GOF criterion value was calculated to be 0.502, which indicated a strong fit of the overall research model. Therefore, the collected data were able to cover the designed model well and confirm the model with high power. Positive and significant direct effects of abnormal personality traits on anger, perception of air pollution on anger and abnormal personality traits on perception of air pollution with 95% probability were confirmed according to the collected data (p = 0.01; Table 4). The negative and significant effects of resilience on anger and resilience on perception of air pollution were also confirmed (Table 4). Considering that the absolute value of Sobel statistic was calculated as 6.161, 5.940 and more than 1.96 and the significance level of the test was less than the error level of 0.05, the mediation of perception of air pollution in relation to resilience and anger and the mediating effect of perception of air pollution at the 95% confidence level were reaffirmed in the relationship between abnormal personality traits and anger. Main Comparison to the Similar Studies Research findings indicated that there were relationships between abnormal personality traits and perception of air pollution. This finding is consistent with the research of Sorkhe et al. [20] and Sass et al. [21]. Sorkheh et al. [20] in a study showed that air pollution is one of the hidden causes of crimes caused by anger. Air pollution increases anxiety, decreases mental capacity, muscle and mental tensions, violence and aggression [21]. The research findings also showed a significant negative relationship between resilience and perception of air pollution; this finding is in line with research of Zaheri, Majnouni and Tutakhaneh [22]. The results have shown that air pollution caused by the power plant has the potential to change the psychological pressure of the villagers. Findings also showed a positive and significant relationship between abnormal personality traits and anger. This finding is consistent with Khasi et al. [23], Faraji et al. [24] and Kolla et al. studies [25]. .... [26]. Findings also showed that there was a significant negative relationship between resilience and anger. This finding is consistent with the researches of Hashemi and Khazaeipour [27], Sadri Damirchi et al. [28], Mohnizadeh Fallahieh and Shoaa Kazemi [29] and Sibdari [30]. Findings indicated a positive and significant relationship between perception of air pollution and anger. This finding is consistent with the research of Nadrian et al. [31], Chen, Oliva and Zhang [32]. The findings also suggested that perception of air pollution played a mediating role in the relationship between abnormal personality traits and anger. These results are consistent with the research of Seyed Hassani [33], Chen, Oliva and Zhang [32], Martino et al. [34]. ... [35, 36]. According to the results of the study, in the relationship between resilience and anger, perception of air pollution played a mediating role. This finding is consistent with the research of Sadri Demirci et al. [28], Rasouli [37], Gladka, Rymasewska and Zatonski [38]. Limitations Due to the limited tools of this research, the use of observation and interview to achieve more complete results in future research is recommended. Due to the inadequacy of longitudinal studies on the effects and injuries of exposure to air pollution, it is better, in future research, to apply other methods such as comparative study in different environments or observational studies (longitudinal or cross-sectional) in order to accurately evaluate the group as well as to conclude and develop a model. Suggestions It is suggested that research studies be conducted in other geographical areas and time periods. Similar research should be done on other high-risk groups that suffer the most from short-term air pollution (such as women of pregnancy ages or the elderly). In order to obtain more complete results and to chart future paths for dealing with the effects of air pollution, the statistics of emotional turmoil, depression and suicide should be considered in areas where the average concentration of pollutants is above the standard and has a high risk, and be compared in a research project. Conclusions Resilience and abnormal personality traits affect anger through the mediation of perception of air pollution. Clinical & Practical Tips in Police Medicine If military students receive the necessary training to promote resilience, and special criteria for selecting students based on personality traits are adopted and implemented, they will have a greater ability to control anger which will help them carry out their academic and professional duties which are usually under critical circumstances causing anger. Acknowledgments The authors of the article would like to thank all the dear participants in the research who helped us in collecting the data. Conflict of Interest The authors of the article state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study. Funding Sources The present study had no financial support. </div> <div style="text-align: center;">Table 1) Frequency distribution of respondents' demographic information</div> <div align="center" dir="ltr"> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Indicator</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">frequency</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Frequency percentage</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">Age</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">19 to 24 years</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">91</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 7px; text-align: center;">36.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">25 to 35 years</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">112</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">44.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">36 to 45 years</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">47</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">18.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">education</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">Bachelor</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">89</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">35.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">master</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">139</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">55.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">P.H.D</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">22</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 8px; text-align: center;">8.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">knowing about air pollution</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">Allergies</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">23</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">9.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">Friends</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">43</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 9px; text-align: center;">17.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">media</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">102</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">40.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">Internet and so on</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">82</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">32.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">vehicles</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">personal car</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">48</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">19.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">Bus</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">27</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 11px; text-align: center;">10.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">Subway</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">79</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; text-align: center;">31.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">Taxi</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">68</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 10px; text-align: center;">27.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">Other</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">28</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">11.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Total</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">250</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">100</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> Table 2) Descriptive indicators of research variables</div> <div align="center" dir="ltr"> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Variables</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">M ± SD</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">The lowest</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">The most</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Opposition</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">9.47±3.74</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">5.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">20.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Psychopathy</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">8.43±3.43</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">5.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">17.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Inhibition of rupture</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">6.79±2.99</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">5.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">18.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Negative emotions</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">8.60±3.69</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">5.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">18.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">faulting</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">8.59±3.82</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">5.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">20.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Abnormal personality traits</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">41.90±14.75</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">25.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">87.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Positive acceptance of emotions</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">16.67±3.29</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">6.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">25.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Spirituality</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">6.64±1.77</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">2.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">10.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Trust in personal instincts</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">25.72±5.26</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">7.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">35.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Competence</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">25.50±6.83</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">8.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">4.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Inhibition</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">11.18±2.16</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">4.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">15.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Resilience</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">85.72±15.15</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">43.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">125.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Clean air compounds</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">24.70±5.07</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">12.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">36.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Ideas about air pollution</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">15.31±3.08</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">7.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">21.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Effects of air pollution on health</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">18.11±3.77</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">9.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">27.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">acidic rain</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">11.78±2.21</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">6.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">18.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Exposure to pollution</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">24.83±5.25</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">12.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">36.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Feeling and perception</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">22.84±4.81</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">11.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">33.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Perception of air pollution</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">117.60±18.46</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">59.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">161.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Anger Mode</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">23.30±8.76</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">15.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">47.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Anger Adjective</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">14.84±5.17</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">10.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">32.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">External anger control</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">13.46±5.46</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">8.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">32.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">The onset of anger</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">14.51±5.30</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">8.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">32.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">Control inner anger</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">25.26±9.54</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">16.00</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; text-align: center;">56.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Anger</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">90.39±25.47</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">57.00</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 7px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">166.00</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> Table 3) Correlation coefficients between variables</div> <div align="center" dir="ltr"> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Variables </td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">2</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">3</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; border-top: 1px solid black; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">4 </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 13px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">The amount of correlation </td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 13px; text-align: center;">Abnormal personality traits </td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 13px; text-align: center;">1.000</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 13px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 13px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 13px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">Resilience</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">0.53</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">1.000</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">-</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">Perception of air pollution</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">0.50</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">-0.40</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">1.000</td> <td style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; text-align: center;">-</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 7px; height: 5px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">Anger</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.64</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">-0.60</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">0.63</td> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0cm 2px; height: 5px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; text-align: center;">1.000</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">p <0.01 Table 4) Results related to the significance of the relation between variables <table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none">path: Independent variable( Dependent variable</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none"><m:omathpara><m:omath><m:r><m:rpr><m:scr m:val="roman"><m:sty m:val="b"></m:sty></m:scr></m:rpr>β</m:r></m:omath></m:omathpara> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none">T value</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none">p</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">Abnormal personality traits (perception of air pollution</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">0.324</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">4.781</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">0.01</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">Resilience (anger</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">-0.222</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">2.960</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">0.003</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">Abnormal personality traits (anger</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">0.323</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">4.418</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">0.01</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">Resilience</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">-0.162</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">2.674</td> <td style="border-bottom:none; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">0.008</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">perception of air pollution(anger</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">0.266</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">5.558</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0cm 2px 0cm 2px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none">0.01</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <img alt="" src="./files/site1/images/image-20220827092916-2.png" style="width: 920px; height: 816px;" > Figure 1) Final model with standardized factor load coefficients and path coefficients (evaluation of measurement models)  </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"></div> خشم,ویژگی‌های شخصیتی,تاب‌آوری,آلودگی هوا, Anger,Personality Traits,Resilience,Air Pollution, 1 14 http://jpmed.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1151-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Sima Hadad سیما حداد hdsima9@gmail.com 100319475328460014037 100319475328460014037 No Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران Naeimeh Moheb نعیمه محب moheb.n@yahoo.com 100319475328460014038 100319475328460014038 Yes Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. گروه روان شناسی بالینی، دانشکده علوم پزشکی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران. Reza Abdi رضا عبدی r.abdi@azaruniv.ac.ir 100319475328460014039 100319475328460014039 No Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی ،دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران GholamReza Chalbianloo غلامرضا چلبیانلو chalabianloo_f@yahoo.com 100319475328460014040 100319475328460014040 No Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Tabriz Branch, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران